PHYS SCI 1Q

Phase 1 - Super Fast Inflation

Time Begins

-10^-43 = 0.0000……01s (42 zeros)

-Began 13.7 billion years ago.

-Begins as the size of a single atom.

-Began as a violent expansion

-All matter & space were created from a single point of pure energy in an instant.

-Like a balloon, it inflated

-Grown from the size of an atom to larger than the size of a grapefruit. 

Phase 2 - Post Inflation: Hot soup of electrons, quarks, and other particles

-10^-43 to 10^-32 (0.00000…01s)

-Temperature: 10^27 degrees celsius

Phase 3 - Rapid cooling, quarks clump

-10^-32 to 10^-6 (0.000001s)

-Temperature: 10^130 degrees celsius

-E=mc^2

-Energy froze into matter according to Albert Einstein’s equation.

-Like snowflakes freezing, energy forms matter into clumps that today we call protons, neutrons, and electrons.

-These parts later form into atoms

Phase 4 - Still too hot to form into atoms, charged electrons & protons prevent light from shining; the universe is a superhot fog

-10^-6s to 3min

-Temperature: 108 degrees celsius

Phase 5 - Electrons combine w/protons & neutrons to form atoms, mostly hydrogen & helium. Light can finally shine.

300,000 Years 

-Electrons (-), Protons (+), Neutrons ()

-Happened in the next 300,000 years

-ATOMS form (specifically Hydrogen & its isotopes with a small amount of Helium.)

-The early Universe was about 75% Hydrogen and 25% Helium. It is still almost the same today.

Phase 6 - Gravity makes hydrogen & helium gas coalesce to form the giant clouds that will be galaxies; smaller clumps of gas collapse to form the first stars

1 billion years

-1st stars & galaxies formed

-Temperature: -200 degrees celsius

-giant clouds into galaxies

-clumps of gas into first stars

Phase 7 - As galaxies cluster together under gravity, the first stars die & spew heavy elements into space; these eventually form into new stars & planets

15 Billion Years Ago

-Produced heavy elements into stars, then into planets

-Our Solar System forms

460 BC

-Democritus develops the idea of atoms

-Pounded up materials in pestle & mortar then reduced them to smaller particles, which he called ATOMOS (indivisible.)

384-322BC Aristotle and the fellow Greeks

-Everything consisted of 4 elements: fire, water, earth, and air.

-His theory was accepted for a long period of time.

1808 John Dalton

-Solid Sphere Model

-Revisited Democritus’s idea

-All matter was made up of tiny spheres that were able to bounce around with perfect elasticity & called them Atoms.

1898 Joseph John Thompson

-Plum Pudding or Raisin Bun Model

-Conducted a Cathode ray tube experiment

-Found that atoms could sometimes eject a far smaller negative particle, which he called an Electron.

1904

-Thompson developed the idea that an atom was made up of electrons scattered unevenly within an elastic sphere surrounded by a soup of positive charge to balance the electron’s charge, like plums surrounded by pudding.

1908 Robert Millikan

-By far the most famous American scientist

-Proved electrons were negatively charged by performing an experiment where he measured the effect of the electric field in oil droplets.

1910 Ernest Rutherford

-Empty Space Model

-Performed the Gold Foil Experiment & discovered the Nucleus. He fired Helium nuclei at a piece of gold foil, which was only a few atoms thick. While most of the helium nuclei passed through the foil, a small number were deflected, and some bounced back.

-Rutherford’s new evidence allowed him to propose a more detailed model with a central nucleus.
-Suggested that the positive charge was all in a central nucleus. This holds the electrons in place by electrical attraction.

1913 Niels Bohr

-Orbit Model/Planetary Model

-Studied under Rutherford @ the Victoria University in Manchester.

-Bohr refined Rutherford’s idea by adding that electrons were in orbits. Like planets orbiting the sun, with each orbit able to contain a set no. of electrons.

1920 Electron Cloud Model

-Discovered by Erwin Schrodinger & Werner Heisenberg

-An atom consists of a dense nucleus & many protons and neutrons & surrounded by electrons, but all have different energy levels, and different charges.

1932 James Chadwick

-Discovered the existence of the neutron

-Looking at alpha waves, bounced off the nucleus, saying there was no charge in the neutron.

Atomic Structure

Electrons are arranged in Energy Levels or Shells around the nucleus of an atom.

Electronic Configuration

Elements are represented numerically by the number of electrons in their shells and the number of shells. 

LEDS

Elements & compounds are represented by Dots or Crosses to show electrons, and circles to show the shells.

Atomic Number

Number of protons in the nucleus

Atomic Mass

Number of Protons & Neutrons in the nucleus

Valence Electron

Number of electrons on the last shell

LEDS

Lewis Electron Dot Structure

Ionic Bonding

-Bond between Metal & Non-Metal. 

-Electron give & take