Unit 1: Water, Solutions, and Acid/Bases

Solutions

homogenous mixture containing a solute and a solvent. they combine any state of matter, but most of the time only involve liquids bc water is the most common solvent.

What is the most common solvent?

water

The ____ is dissolved in the _____.

The solute is dissolved in the solvent.

Solvent

The substance present in the greater amount ex. n2 in air

solute

substance present in the lesser amount

can there be more than one solute

yes, there can be 2+

can there be more than one solvent

no, there can only be one

what is the most common element in air (or the solvent)

n2

how do ionic solids dissolve (a solute)

metal+nonmetal, they dissolve in water, the ionics separate as they get surrounded. most of the time include water and a polyatomic ion ex. calcium chloride and water

how do polar molecules dissolve

they cannot be mixed with nonpolar, only polar. they will dissolve in other polar molecules. most of the time including water and another singular object ex. alcohol in water, sugar in water, salt in water

can nonpolar molecules stick to water

NO they can not. This happens because polar dissolves polar and nonpolar dissolves nonpolar.

Is water polar or nonpolar?

always polar (a positive end and negative end) (also not symmetrical)

Nonpolar v polar examples

fat, oil, gasoline, and water (do not stick)

Is oxygen attracted to + or -

+

is hydrogen attracted to + or -

-

Is hydrogens charge positive or negative?

positive

Are bonds between nitrogen and oxygen polar or nonpolar?

polar

Is there a lot of oxygen in water?

not a lot, theoxygen is absorbed by the air

What temp do solids and liquids dissolve more in?

they dissolve more in hot water, but hot water also removes dyes.

What temp do gases dissolve better in?

They dissolve better in cold water and less in hot water ex. oxygen

Dissolving+surface area

The more surface area, the faster things dissolve

What does stirring do to surface area?

Increases it ex. dissolving sugar into iced tea

saturated solutions

maximum amount of solute in the solution (full) ex. sugar no longer dissolving and sinking to the bottom

unsaturated solution

less than the max amount of solute, sugar has fully dissolved

dynamic equilibrium

when there is no observable change or the final form of saturation. there is still change happening at a molecular level, you just cant see it.

concentration

when saturation amount is equal to solubility amount

What happens when the rate of dissolving equals to rate of undissolving.

no observable difference, this is dynamic equilibrium

If ionic:

it breaks up into ions, starts as a solid, ends as an aq ion. Always assume water is the solvent, if not you must find it.

metal+nonmetal=

ionc

nonmetal+nonmetal=

molecular

What 2 things must you convert every time

ml→l and M→mols

how do you find M

moles solute/L of solution

what does M stand for

molarity

What type of slope does a gas have?

negative slope, going down

what type of slope does a solid or liquid have?

Positive slope, going up

What does more water mean for the saturation levels?

It will be less saturated.

is 02 polar or nonpolar?

nonpolar

If something is operational what does it mean?

It is something you can see or measure.

Acid Characteristics (6)

1. are corrosive

2. neutralize bases

3. dissolve some metals into co2 or h2

4. taste sour

5. PHTH turns clear, litmus turns red

6. ph less than 7

Base characteristics (6)

1. are corrosive

2. neutralize acids

3. dissolve fats and feel slippery

4. taste bitter

5. PHTH turns pink, litmus turns blue

6. ph greater than 7

What do acids and bases have in common?

both corrosive, involved in neutralization, and can conduct electricity in water.

solubility curves

show the relationship between the concentration of the saturated solution and the temperature

Phenolpthalein changes:

colorless liquid, if it stays colorless it is acidic, if it turns pink, it is basic.

litmus red/blue color changes:

Goes from red→blue if basic/ blue→red if acidic

Arrhenius definition (acid)

works 90% of the time, says then when an arrhenius acid is dissolved in water it makes H+.

Arrhenius definition (base)

dissolves in water and makes OH

Bronsted Lowrey

states that acids are proton donors (H+), it removes H+ from acids and gives it to bases

Is a base a proton donor or acceptor

Acceptor

Is an acid a proton donor or acceptor

donor

Is water an acid or a base?

It can be both

Is Ammonia a acid or base (NH3)

always a base

What are organic acids

Acids that have carbons or a carboxyl group (COOH), they release H+ ions.

Are organic acids, acids or bases (CH3COOH, HCOOH)

acids, but they look like bases

What element is a good gainer

O

Hydronium Ions

form when acids are added to water, represented by H3O+

What happens when 2 hydronium bump into each other

They repel, preventing a stable compound.

What happens when a hydronium and a hydroxide ion bump into each other?

They neutralize and form water.

Does pure water concentrate of H3O equal the concentrate of OH-

Yes

Acids have more H3O+ than OH-

True

What do basic solutions have more of, H30+ or OH-

OH-

Does H3O+ make something more acidic or bascidic?

acidic

Does OH strengthen bases or acids?

bases

Reversible reaction

when the products of a reaction can also for the original reactants

Neutralization Reaction

A reaction that always produces salt and water

What is the chemical definition of a salt?

an ionic compound formed by a reaction between an acid an base. (OH- and H30+)

What is the PH scale range

0-14

What does the PH scale determine?

It is a logarithmic scale, it determines whether a solution is acidic, basic, or nuetral. It is more acidic when it is closer to zero and more basic when it is closer to 14.

pH measures what?

the concentration of H+

pOH measures what?

the concentration of OH-

Are the ph and poh are pure water the same ore different?

The same! They are both 7.

If something is neutral in this type of chemistry what does it mean?

It means the H3O+ and OH- ions are equal.

What does the blue number represent

The number of protons or electrons

Dissociation

when a compound (either molecular or ionic) breaks up into ions

__has a ph above 7

bases

_ has a ph below 7

acids

What + what = H3O+

an acid + water

Spectator Ion

an ion that has to be there, but is not actually involved in the equation or mentioned in the product

Is salt molecular or ionic?

ionic

What do you do with spectator ions?

get rid of them

Hydrolysis

reacts with water

Something that loses an H is a __

acid or proton donor

something that gains an H is a __

a base or proton acceptor

Is salt acidic, basic, or nuetral (must memorize)

nuetral

When does the hydronium concentrate equal the hydroxide concentrate?

when the water is pure

Does an acid have more hydroxide or hydronium?

more hydronium

Does a base have more hydroxide or hydronium?

hydroxide

An acid and base is the same as what real world example?

salt and water

Pure water is ___

deionized