Human development Chapter 10

Industry vs Inferiority

industry: Child feels very successful at school. EX; Making lots of friends, playing a sport well, getting good grades. Builds self esteem. Cycle of success

Inferiority: Children feels like they’re not doing well in school. EX: Failing a class, sitting on the bench in a sport. Their self esteem plumets. Cycle of failure

Emotional self-regulation

is effortful or voluntary control of emotions, attention, and behavior

Increases with age

Parents have a big role in this

Have more control over your emotions

Empathy

– the capacity to understand and feel the emotions of another person

Emotional Growth

v More aware of their own and other people’s feelings

v Awareness of feeling shame and pride

oBy age 7 or 8

 Parents can play a role

vCoregulation:

Period of time which parents and children jointly control children’s behavior

 Externalizing behaviors

– behaviors by which a child acts out emotional difficulties

v Internalizing behaviors

behaviors by which emotional problems are turned inward

Home environment

vFamily atmosphere is a key influence on development

oConflict present in home

oParental work status

Family SES

Family Dynamics

Today, about 2 out of 3 children under 18 live with 2 married parents

Studies show that the parents’ relationship, the quality of their parenting, and their ability to create a favorable atmosphere affect children’s adjustment more than their martial status does

Family instability may be harmful

A father’s presence and positive involvement is important

Cohabiting –

unmarried partners living together

Multigenerational

Children, parents, grandparents live together

Blended

– Remarried couple that has at least one stepchild living with them

v LGBT parents

children raised by lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender parents

Children of gays and lesbians are no more likely to be gay or to be confused about their gender than are children of heterosexuals

vAdoption –

found in all cultures

oClosed vs. Open

Self-Care

Regularly caring for themselves at home

Sibling relationships Conflict

vConflict:

Sibling relationships Positives

oPositives:

§Motivated to make up following conflict

§Learn about expressing anger

§Learn about others point of view, negotiation, and problem solving

Siblings Relationship negative

§Internalizing and externalizing behaviors

vCo-parenting –

parenting relationship in which two people work together in a cooperative fashion to raise a child

Peers positive

oHelps children learn how to adjust their needs and desires to others

oChildren gauge their abilities

Gain a clear sense of self-efficacy

Peers negative

Prejudice – unfavorable attitude toward members of certain groups outside one’s own

Joint legal custody

Gives a parent the ability to make decisions for the child (Medical care, schooling, religious up bringing)

Joint physical custody

Gives the parent the ability for the child to live with them

vPositives of friendships:

oChildren learn to communicate and cooperate

§Help each other with difficult or stressful situations

oInevitable quarrels help children learn to resolve conflict

Increases social interaction skills

Stages of friendship

v Stage 1: Basing friendship on other’s behaviors

o4 to 7 years of age

oBased on who they like or whom they share toys and activities

v Stage 2: Basing friendship on trust

o8 to 10 years of age

oPersonal qualities are more valued

oMutual trust

v Stage 3: Basing friendship on psychological closeness

o11 to 15 years of age

oBased on intimacy and loyalty

vInstrumental aggression –

motived by the desire to obtain a concrete goal

vOvert (direct) aggression –

aggression that is openly directed at its target

vRelational aggression –

nonphysical aggression that is intended to hurt another person’s feelings

vHostile (reactive) aggression –

aggression intended to hurt another person

vContributors to physical aggression:

oBeing a boy

o Having a reactive temperament

o Parental separation

o Controlling parents

vBullying –

aggression deliberately and persistently directed against a particular target or victim, typically one who is weak, vulnerable, and defenseless

oCan be: physical, verbal, emotional

vProactive –

done to show dominance, bolster power

vReactive

– responding to a real or imagined attack

vCyberbullying –

posting negative comments or derogatory photos of the victim on a website

Bullying

vBullies tend to target their same gender

v Harmful to both victims and bullies
v Bullying – aggression deliberately and persistently directed against a particular target or victim, typically one who is weak, vulnerable, and defenseless

oCan be: physical, verbal, emotional

ex physcial: pushing, hitting, tripping, burning, taking personal items

Ex verbal: name calling, threatening

Ex emotional: Isolating someone, gossiping

Risk factors for bullying

oPeers who do not fit in

oCharacteristics:

§Anxious, depressed, cautious, quiet, submissive

oHave few friends

oMore apt to have low self-esteem

oSome victims are small, passive, weak

oOverweight

Closed adoption

Biological parent choose to not have contact with the adoptive family and child

Open adoption

Biological parent choose to have contact with the adoptive family and child

Behavioral disorders:

 Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) – pattern of behavior, persisting into middle childhood, marked by negativity, hostility and defiance

Conduct disorder (CD) –

repetitive, persistent pattern of aggressive, antisocial behavior violating societal norms or the rights of others

Phobias:

v School phobia – unrealistic fear of going to school

v Separation anxiety disorder – condition involving excessive, prolonged anxiety concerning separation from home or from people to whom a person is attached

v Social phobia – extreme fear and/or avoidance of social situations

v Generalized anxiety disorder – anxiety not focused on any single target

v Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) – anxiety aroused by repetitive, intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses, often leading to compulsive ritual behaviors

v  Individual psychotherapy –

treatment in which a therapist sees a troubled person one-on-one

vFamily therapy

– treatment in which a therapist sees the whole family together to analyze patterns of family functioning

vBehavior therapy

– therapeutic approach to encourage desired behaviors or eliminate undesired ones

oAKA: behavior modification

vArt therapy –

therapeutic approach that allows a person to express troubled feelings without words

vPlay therapy

– therapeutic approach that uses play to help a child cope with emotional distress

Drug therapy

– administration of drugs to treat emotional disorders

vResilient children –

children who weather adverse circumstances, function well despite challenges or threats, or bounce back from traumatic events

v Factors that help children overcome stress and contribute to resilience:

oGood family relationship

oCognitive functioning

§High IQs

§Good problem solvers

oChild’s temperament or personality

oCompensating experiences