Anatomy Semester 1 Exam

Anatomy

The study of the structure of the human body and its parts

Physiology

The study of the functions of the human body and its parts

Respiration

Obtaining Oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide and ATP

Digestion

Physical and chemical breakdown of food

Absorption

Passage of substances into body fluid (EX: Blood)

Circulation

Movement of substances within body fluids

Assimilation

Changing absorbed chemical substances into different chemical forms

Excretion

Removal of waste

Metabolism

Collective term for chemical reactions that support life

Movement

Change in body motion or the motion of internal organs

Responsiveness

A reaction to a stimulus

Growth

Increase in body size

Reproduction

Production of new organisms or cells

What is metabolism?

The chemical reactions that support life

What is positive feedback?

The change is intensified, instead of reversed (SHORT LIVED)

What is negative feedback?

The response to change moves the variable in the opposite direction of the change from the set point. Negative feedback is the most common type of homeostatic mechanism.

Definition of homeostasis

A maintenance of a new stable internal environment

What are the 3 parts of a homeostatic mechanism?

Receptor, Control Center, and Effector

What is a receptor

Detects and provides information about the stimuli

Control Center

Decision maker that maintains the set point

Effector

Muscle or gland that responds and causes the necessary change in the internal environment

What organs are found in the thoracic cavity?

Houses lungs and thoracic viscera

What are the TWO portions called of the abdominalpelvic cavity

Abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

What organs are found in the abdominal cavity?

Stomach, liver, spleen, kidneys, small intestines, and a portion of the large intestine

What organs are found in the pelvic cavity?

End of large intestine, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs

What organs are found in the cranial cavity?

Houses the brain

How must a person stand to be in anatomical position?

Standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at your sides, palms facing forward

Definition of superior

Above; towards head

Definition of inferior

Below; towards ground or feet

Definition of ventral

Towards the belly

Definition of dorsal

Towards the back

Definition of anterior

Towards the front

Definition of posterior

Towards the back

Definition of superfical

Close to body surface

Definition of deep

More internal (organs)

Definition of proximal

Close to the point of attachment to trunk (shoulders, hips)

Definition of distal

Farther from the point of attachment to trunk (shoulders, hips)

Definition of medial

Towards the midline (center)

Definition of lateral

Away from the midline (outside)

Transverse Cut

Divides body into superior and inferior (cuts in half horizontally)

Sagittal Cut

Divides body into right and left

Coronal (Frontal) Cut

Divides body into anterior and posterior

Definition of Histology

The study of tissues

Where can you find the basement membrane?

Inside epithelial cells

Function of Simple Squamous?

Substances pass through easily; Lines air sacs, capillaries, blood, and lymphatic vessels

Function of Stratified Squamous?

Protective function; Lines oral cavity, vagina, and canal

Function of Simple Cubodial?

Secretion and absorption; lines kidney tubules, ovaries, ducts of some glands

Function of Simple Columnar?

Secretion and absorption; Lines uterus, stomach, and intestines

Function of Transitional?

Stretches and able to change shape; Lines ducts of mammary, sweat, salivary glands, and pancreas

What is Simple epithelial tissues?

One layer of cells

What is Stratified epithelial tissues?

Two or more layers of cells

What is Pseudostratified epithelial tisses?

Fake layers of cells

What is Squamous epithelial cells?

Flat

What is Cubodial epithelial cells?

Cube

What is Columnar epithelial cells?

Tall

What is areolar tissue?

Type of connective tissue; forms thin, delicate membranes; Found underneath epithelium to nourish those cells. In areolar tissue there is many fibroblasts, collagen, and elastic fibers

What structures are composed of dense regular connective tissue?

Found in tendons, ligaments, dermis of skin; very strong, withstands pulling (binds well).

What are the functions of fibroblasts?

Most common fixed cell; secretes fibers in extra cellular matrix; large and star-shaped

What are functions of macrophages?

Usually attached to fibers and can wander; defends against infection; conducts phagocytosis (cellular ingestion)

What are the functions of mast cells?

Large, fixed cells; release heparin to prevent blood clotting; releases histomine which causes an inflammatory response

What type of muscle cells are striated?

Cardiac and skeletal

What type of muscle cells are voluntary?

Skeletal

What is the Integumentary System?

Composed of skin and accessory structure (hair, nails, glands, sensory, receptors for touch/tempature)

What is the epidermis?

Most superficial layer of the skin

What is the dermis?

Inner layer of skin

What is the hypodermis?

Deepest layer of skin; also known as the subcutaneous layer

What is melanin?

How pigmented your skin tone is

Where is melanin found?

In melanocyctes

What types of melanin are there?

Phenomelanin and Eumelanin

What pigmentation does phenomelanin have?

Lighter, red/yellow pigment

What pigmentation does eumelanin have?

Dark brown pigment

What determines skin color?

Hereditary, environment, and physiological factors

Why is skin exposure to sunlight a good thing?

Recieve Vitiman D and nutrients

What composes your fingerprints?

Dermal Papille

What is keratin

Tough, fibrous, waterproof protein

What is the arrector pili?

Tiny muscle that causes goosebumps when emotionally stimulated

How do your blood vessels and sweat glands moderate body temperature?

Sweat gland moderate body temperature by cooling when sweat evaporates. Dermo blood vessels vasodialate (rise and open) and vasocontrict (sink and shirnk) to moderate body temperature.

What is hypothermia?

Abnormally low body temperature

What is hyperthermia?

Abnormally high body temperature

What are the functions of bones?

Support and protect softer tissue, attachment point for muscles, blood production, and stores inorganic salts

What are the structural differences between spongy and compact bone?

Compact bone is the wall of diaphysis (contains osteons) and spongy bone makes epiphysis (consists of trabeculae)

What are the functional differences between spongy and compact bone?

Compact bone resists compression (strong and solid) and spongy bone is somewhat; the nutrients diffuse through canaculi

What are examples of flat bone?

Skull pieces

What are examples of long bones?

Arm and leg bones

What is an of short bones?

Sesamoid (kneecap)

What is an example of a irregular bone?

Vertebrae

What is articular catilage?

Covers epiphysis

What is an epiphyseal plate?

Growth line of long bones

What are the functional differences between osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes?

Osteoblasts: deposit matrix into both in ossification centers

Osteoclasts: consume

Osteocytes: mature bone cells

Why type of bones form via intramembranous ossification?

Flat bones

Why type of bones form via endochondral ossification?

Long

What is the difference between red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow

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Yellow bone marrow lines the medullary cavity

Red bone marrow: contains blood stem cells that become red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets.

What bones comprise the axial skeleton?

Bones of the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage

What bones comprise the appendicular skeletion?

Bones of the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs

What bones comprise the pelvis?

illium, ischium, pubis, sacrum, and coccyx

Where is the atlas?

On the cervical vertebrae, it is known as C1, (supports head)

Where is the axis?

On the cervical vertebrae, it is known as C2, (pivots to turn head)

Differentiate between true, false, and floating ribs

True ribs: 7 (attached to sternum directly)

False ribs: 5 (not attached to sternum)

Floating ribs: 2 (no cartilage)

What are the structural characteristics of a fibrous joint?

Held together with dense connective tissue

Syndesmosis: a sheet of dense connective tissue (tibia and fibula)

Suture: thin layer of dense connective tissue (between parietal bones of skull)

Gomphosis: bones held together by periodontal ligament (between tooth and mandible)

What are the structural characteristics of a cartilaginous joint?

Held together with cartilage, largley immobile

Synchondrosis: bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones (costal cartilage)

Symphisis: pad of fibrocartilage between bones; limited movement (intervertabraal discs)