Cogni

way language

What is perception?

The process of interpreting, organizing, and identifying sensory information.

What are the two main processes of perception?

Sensory Processing and Cognitive Processing.

What is the Distal Stimulus?

The actual object in the world, such as a ringing phone.

What is the Proximal Stimulus?

Sensory signals received by the body, like sound waves reaching the ear.

What does the Percept refer to?

The brain's interpretation of an object, for example, recognizing a sound as a phone ringing.

What are the steps in Jerome Bruner's model affecting perception?

1. Initial openness (gathering information), 2. Categorization (using past experiences), 3. Selective Perception (ignoring conflicting details).

What is ambivalence in perception?

It refers to multistable perception where the same stimulus can be perceived in multiple ways.

What is Esemplasticity?

The ability to see multiple interpretations in ambiguous images.

What is Perceptual Constancy?

The brain's ability to maintain stability in perception despite changes in input.

What do Gestalt Principles of Grouping explain?

How our brain organizes visual information.

What is the difference between simultaneous contrast and successive contrast?

Simultaneous contrast is where color appears different based on the background, whereas successive contrast involves perception influenced by what was seen previously.

What is perceptual set?

The tendency to perceive things based on past experiences, desires, or expectations.

What are bottom-up and top-down processing?

Bottom-up processing builds perceptions from details, while top-down processing uses prior knowledge to understand inputs.

What does Predictive coding describe in perception?

The brain makes predictions about incoming sensory information and adjusts based on new data.

What are the basic types of perception?

Vision, Haptic, Auditory, Speech, Taste, Social, Facial, and Social Touch.

How does aging affect memory?

Aging can reduce the effectiveness of memory storage and retrieval, typically noticed around age 40.

What is the function of episodic memory?

To recall specific past events, including details like time, place, sensations, and emotions.

What is the difference between retroactive and proactive interference?

Retroactive interference occurs when new information disrupts the recall of old information, while proactive interference is when old memories hinder the retrieval of new information.

What is the Ebbinghaus forgetting curve?

It illustrates how forgetting occurs in a systematic manner, where much is forgotten soon after learning.

What is the role of cues in memory retrieval?

Cues can significantly facilitate the retrieval of memories that are otherwise inaccessible.

What causes errors in thinking?

Errors can arise from mental sets, emotional influences, biases, or lack of information.

What is the definition of critical thinking?

The process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and evaluating information to reach a conclusion.

What is the 'Cocktail Party Problem' in attention?

It refers to the challenge of focusing on one conversation in a noisy environment.

What is selective attention?

Focusing mental resources on one task while ignoring others.

What are cognitive biases?

Mental shortcuts or tendencies that lead to errors in judgment and decision-making.

What is Wernicke-Korsakoff’s Syndrome?

A severe neurological disorder caused by thiamine deficiency, often linked to chronic alcohol abuse.

What are the two main theories of forgetting?

Memory degradation (loss or inability to recall) and interference theories (new learning disrupts old memories).