Untitled

finished 9/8, test on 9/17

How are neurons the same as other cells?

They have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and membranous organelles.

contains the cell’s genome and serves as the transcriptional control center. contains chromosomes, necessary for the production of mRNA for the neuron

the nucleus

produces ribosomal RNA

the nucleolus

The genetic information of an organism is coded within ___ from which the chromosomes are made

strands of DNA

__ encode messenger RNA

Genes

A duplicate complement of the information contained in the gene

mRNA

After transcription, mRNA

leaves the nucleus and can be translated in the cytoplasm to produce protein.

rough ER vs smooth ER

rough ER synthesizes proteins and is studded with ribosomes. smooth ER synthesizes lipids and steroids, metabolizes carbs and steroids, and regulates calcium concentration.

The most common alterations at the Golgi are additions of sugar chains, forming

glycoproteins, glycolipids

Mitochondria generate energy in the form of

ATP

Calcium stores

ER and mitochondria. The ER has two different stores: one opened by the activation of IP3 metabolism, and the other opened by elevation of cytosolic calcium

Mitochondria act as a slow buffer for what ion?

Ca²⁺

smallest cytoskeletal fiber, two actin protein chains twined together like strands of pearls.

actin filaments (microfilaments)

cytoskeletal fibers that are very stable and look like bunches of tubes.

Intermediate filaments (neurofilaments in neurons)

unstable cytoskeletal fibers that are hollow tubes. can be stabilized by guanosine triphosphate. Has a + (away from nucleus) and - end. Responsible for movement within the cell as well as cellular movement

microtubules

anterograde transport

away from nucleus

retrograde transport

toward nucleus

motor protein that moves toward the + end of microtubular tracks (away from nucleus)

Kinesin

motor protein that moves toward the - end of microtubular tracks (toward nucleus)

Dyneins

40 cm/day, kinesin-dependent, mostly vesicle transport

fast anterograde

0.5 cm/day, kinesin-independent, mostly non-vesicle transport

slow anterograde

Can it pass through the phospholipid bilayer? Gases

yes

Can it pass through the phospholipid bilayer? Hydrophobic molecules

Yes

Can it pass through the phospholipid bilayer? Large polar molecules

No

Can it pass through the phospholipid bilayer? Charged molecules

No

transport molecules across membrane against the gradient

Carrier proteins

Passively transport molecules across membrane

Protein channels

Transmit information into cell

Receptors

Two major types of ionotropic channels

ligand gated, voltage gated.

sodium-potassium pump is an example of which type of transmembrane protein?

ion transporters

How is the signal transmitted from one point to another within a neuron?

by a transient change in the electric field and its associated voltage

When determining whether you are looking at the presynaptic or postsynaptic terminal, what structure should you look for?

The vesicles

Describe how DNA becomes protein

Dna is transcribed into mRNA, then translated into protein. Translation includes initiation (rate limiting step), elongation, and termination

What are the two locations in the cell where ribosomes can be found?

Free in the cytosol or membrane bound to rough ER