Learn: first exam: chapter 1 the disease process

idiopathic; give an example

Diseases that have NO KNOWN CAUSE

Ex. Juvenile idiopathic scoliosis

iatrogenic; give an example

Disease CAUSED by medical treatments

Ex. Anemia from chemotherapy treatments

Nosocomial

Disease acquired in a hospital setting/health care facility

Sequela

Pathological condition that results from PRIOR disease/injury

What is a predisposing factor?

condition or situation that may make a person MORE AT RISK or SUSCEPTIBLE to disease

Examples of predisposing factors; explain

- Age: related to life cycle; physiological changes in body systems

- Gender: disease is physiologically based

- Heredity: trait inherited from parent

- Environment: exposure to air, noise, pollutants, etc.

- Lifestyle: consistent, integrated way of life; mannerisms, attitudes, and possessions

Example(s) of predisposing factor: Age

- Alzheimer's Disease

- Cancer

Example(s) of predisposing factor: Gender

- Type 2 diabetes in Women

- CAD in Men

Example(s) of predisposing factor: Heredity

- Breast Cancer

- Heart disease

Example(s) of predisposing factors in Environment

- Climate

- Toxic substances

Example(s) of predisposing factor in Lifestyle

- Poor diet

- Physical inactivity

- Smoking

- Chronic stress and lack of sleep

What are the Physical and Chemical Agents?

- Heat

- Cold

- Extremes of atmospheric pressure

- Near drowning

- Electric shock

- Ionizing radiation

- Poisoning

- Bites of insects, spiders, snakes

- Burns

- Asphyxiation: lack of O2 and high CO2

What does asphyxiation cause?

Hypoxia

hypoxemia vs hypoxia

Hypoxemia—low levels of oxygen in the blood

Hypoxia—decreased tissue oxygenation

What are hereditary diseases? The 2 types?

The result of a person's genetic makeup; Phenotype (PHysical characteristics) and Genotype (GEnes inherited)

3 classifications of hereditary diseases

- Monogenic disorders

- Chromosomal disorders

- Multifactorial disorders

What are monogenic disorders? 3 types

Caused by mutation in a single gene whether the gene is dominant, recessive, or sex-linked;

- Autosomal Dominant

- Autosomal Recessive

- X- or Sex-linked

What is Autosomal Dominant? Example of one

Only ONE abnormal gene from one parent; Huntington Disease

What is Autosomal Recessive; Example

2 copies of abnormal gene, one from both parents. The carrier is without the disease;

Sickle Cell Anemia

What are X- or sex-linked disorders? 2 types?

Defective gene from the sex chromosome; Dominant x-linked and Recessive x-linked

What is X-linked dominant and example?

Single abnormal gene on X chromosome; Vitamin D Resistant Rickets

What is X-linked recessive and example?

Both genes in a pair are abnormal; Hemophilia

What is Trauma?

An injury or wound caused by an external force

Concussion

- A close-head injury

- No bleeding under the skull

- Loss of consciousness

TBI

Traumatic Brain Injury

- Brain collides with inside of skill

- Bruises brain, tearing nerve fibers

- Temporary or permanent impairment of cognitive, physical or psychological functions

Cerebral Contusion

bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head; potential hematoma

Chest Trauma (Non-penetrating)

Forceful impact to the chest without a break in the skin

- Rib fractures, penetrating rib into pleura, lung tissue, or myocardium

Chest Trauma (Penetrating)

Wounds typically produce sucking sound as air enters chest cavity through opening; Usually feel severe pain, tachycardia, hypovolemic shock

What is immune-related diseases? How many types?

Disease affects immune system and responds in abnormal way;

3 types/groups = Allergy, autoimmunity, and immunodeficiency

What is an Allergy? Example

Body defends against substances that typically don't pose a threat (allergens); response is inappropriate

- Peanut allergy

What is a severe allergic reaction that can affect multiple body sysems at once?

Anaphylactic shock/reaction; life threatening

What is autoimmunity? Example

When body attacks its own tissue and organs; inherited predisposition

- Celiac disease

What is immunodeficiency? Example

Disorders prevent body from fighting infections and diseases

- B-cells, T-cells or both

- congenital or acquired

- Ex. AIDS/HIV