Bio11H - Chapter 3: Genetics

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25 Terms

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Pedigree

Gene combinations for all individuals in a "family".

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Heredity

Passing on of traits/characteristics to offspring.

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Allele

Different forms of a gene.

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Genotype

Allele combinations of an organism.

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Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance/visible traits.

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Law of Independent Assortment

Assumes genes separate during meiosis independently.

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Incomplete Dominance

Cases in which one allele is not completely dominant over another

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Codominance

A condition where multiple alleles of a gene are expressed.

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Multiple Alleles

Genotypes based on more than 2 alleles, leading to more variety in number of genotypes and phenotypes.

ex. Blood type

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Sex Linked Traits

Traits controlled by genes located on sex chromosomes, usually rare and recessive.

ex. Hemophilia

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Autosomal Chromosome

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.

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Wild-Type

Most common genotype.

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Mutant

Different from normal phenotype.

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Holandric Trait

Trait that is inherited via the Y chromosome.

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Epistasis

Phenotypic expression of one gene that alters expression of another gene. (Different locations on chromosomes).

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Loci

Location of a gene on a chromosome.

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Pleiotropy

Gene that has multiple phenotypic effects.

ex. Marfan syndrome

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Nondisjunction

Error in meiosis where homologous chromosomes do not separate; gametes produced with wrong number of chromosomes.

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Trisomic

Having an extra chromosome.

ex. Down syndrome (trisomy 21)

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Momosomic

Missing a chromosome.

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Anenploidy

Zygote has irregular number of 1 or more chromosomes.

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Linked Genes

Genes on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together.

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Law of Multiplication

Used to determine probability of two random events.

Multiply probability of first event by probability of second event.

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Chi-Squared Test

Statistical test used to find how well experimental data fits expectations.

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Degrees of Freedom

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