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Pedigree
Gene combinations for all individuals in a "family".
Heredity
Passing on of traits/characteristics to offspring.
Allele
Different forms of a gene.
Genotype
Allele combinations of an organism.
Phenotype
An organism's physical appearance/visible traits.
Law of Independent Assortment
Assumes genes separate during meiosis independently.
Incomplete Dominance
Cases in which one allele is not completely dominant over another
Codominance
A condition where multiple alleles of a gene are expressed.
Multiple Alleles
Genotypes based on more than 2 alleles, leading to more variety in number of genotypes and phenotypes.
ex. Blood type
Sex Linked Traits
Traits controlled by genes located on sex chromosomes, usually rare and recessive.
ex. Hemophilia
Autosomal Chromosome
Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.
Wild-Type
Most common genotype.
Mutant
Different from normal phenotype.
Holandric Trait
Trait that is inherited via the Y chromosome.
Epistasis
Phenotypic expression of one gene that alters expression of another gene. (Different locations on chromosomes).
Loci
Location of a gene on a chromosome.
Pleiotropy
Gene that has multiple phenotypic effects.
ex. Marfan syndrome
Nondisjunction
Error in meiosis where homologous chromosomes do not separate; gametes produced with wrong number of chromosomes.
Trisomic
Having an extra chromosome.
ex. Down syndrome (trisomy 21)
Momosomic
Missing a chromosome.
Anenploidy
Zygote has irregular number of 1 or more chromosomes.
Linked Genes
Genes on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together.
Law of Multiplication
Used to determine probability of two random events.
Multiply probability of first event by probability of second event.
Chi-Squared Test
Statistical test used to find how well experimental data fits expectations.
Degrees of Freedom
(# of categories) - 1