Introduction to Philosophy and Ethics

Philosophy

* way of thinking about certain topics such as meanings, existence, time, thoughts, and values.

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* comes from the Greek word ‘Phila Sophia’ which means love of wisdom.

Philosophy

distinguished not by the questions it poses, but by the method it employs in answering those questions.

Philosophy

it is about understanding the questions.

Name all the branches of philosophy

* metaphysics
* Epistemology
* Ethics
* Aesthetics
* Logic
* Axiology
* Theology
* Gnoseology

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other branches of philosophy:

* political philosophy
* Philosophy of mind
* Philosophy of science
* Philosophy of language

Metaphysics

Study of ultimate nature of reality

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Two types:


1. Ontology
2. Cosmology

Ontology

study of being in general, or of what applies neutrally to everything that is real.

Cosmology

study of nature and origins of the universe.

Epistemology

study of knowledge or the theory of knowledge.

Epistemology

what we can know about the world and how we can know it.

Ethics

Study of right or wrong and good or bad

Ethics

Study of value and morality

Aesthetic

Study of beauty, art, and taste, and the creation of personal kinds of truth.

Logic

study of good or bad reasoning or . , - arguments.

Axiology

Study of the nature of value and valuation

Theology

Systematic study of God

Gnoseology

Scientific or philosophical study of knowledge: inquiry into the basis, nature, validity, and limits of knowledge

Political philosophy

Study of government, addressing questions about the nature, scope, and legitimacy of public agents and institution

Philosophy of mind

Nature of the mind, mental properties, consciousness, and their relationship to the physical body, particularly the brain

Philosophy of science

Dealing with the epistemology, methodology, and foundations of science

Philosophy of language

Philosophical investigation of the nature of language

Ethics

Also called moral philosophy

Ethics

Study of right or wrong and good or bad

Ethics

Based on well-founded moral standards that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, societal benefits, fairness, or specific virtues

“An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth”.

Whoever commits an injury should be punished in the same manner as that injury.

The Code of Hammurabi

speaks up for justice

It was composed of laws with varying
punishments based on social status (slaves, free men, and property owners) in order to make justice visible in the land, to destroy the wicked person and the evil-doer, and to ensure that the strong did not injure the weak.

The Code of Hammurabi

THE SALIENT POINT EPIC OF GILGAMESH

* The only way to become immortal for human is to leave a legacy by accomplishing great things.
* Wisdom and kindness are superior attainments to immorality may represent all self-centered attainments such as strength and power. Furthermore, it is essential to strike a balance between power and honor.