Studied by 1 personIn polysaccharides, monosaccharides are joined together by…
Glycosidic bonds.
Starch consists of…
Unbranched amylose and branched amylopectin.
Cellulose is made up of repeating units of…
Beta-1,4 linkage between glucose units.
Sucrose is a…
Disaccharide.
The major functions of carbohydrates include…
Structural components of cell structures, and energy storage within a cell.
Monosaccharides are…
Ketoses and aldoses.
A triglyceride is formed by the condensation reactions between…
Fatty acids and alcohol.
Lipids are important components of…
Cell membranes.
The main difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids is…
The presence of double bonds.
What is the solubility of lipids in water?
Insoluble.
The repeating units of proteins are…
Amino acids.
Amino acids are joined by…
Peptide bonds.
The primary structure of a protein represents…
A linear sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
Name the reaction between 2 amino acids.
Dehydration synthesis.
Each amino acid is different from the other due to…
The R group.
Enzymes are…
Proteins.
What gives a protein its unique shape?
The unique amino acid sequence, hydrogen bonding and interactions between R groups, unique folding.
R groups can be…
Hydrophobic, hydrophilic and charged.
Quaternary Structure.
Polypeptide chains can assemble into multi-subunit structures.
Primary structure.
Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains.
How many amino acids are there?
20.
What determines the specificity of a protein?
The sequence of amino acids.
What maintains the secondary structure of a protein?
Hydrogen bonds between amino of one peptide bond and the carboxyl.
What role do the R groups have in protein?
The folding of the protein in its tertiary structure.
All amino acid side chains vary in all BUT…
Peptide bonding.
Carbohydrates have these functional groups…
Carbonyl and hydroxyl.
Which functional groups are polar?
Hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, carbonyl, phosphate.
A dehydration reaction is…
A condensation reaction where the water molecule is removed.
What 2 functional groups undergo a dehydration reaction to form an ester?
Carboxylic acid and alcohol.
In a redox reaction, reduction relates to…
The gain of electrons.
What is an ionic bond?
Atoms either taking or giving electrons (no sharing).
What type of bond does hydrogen and oxygen form?
Polar covalent.
Lipids have what type of bonds?
Ester.
What are the monomers of lipids?
Glycerol and fatty acids.
What is the structural difference between saturated and unsaturated lipids?
Unsaturated lipids have a double bond.
Which type of lipid is amphipathic?
Phospholipids.
What functional group makes fatty acids acidic?
Amino acid group.
Lipids that are characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings is a…
Steroid.
Single ringed, at least 2 hydroxyl groups and an aldehyde or ketone is…
Glucose.
Two simple sugars linked together make a…
Disaccharide.
What are the products of glycolysis?
2 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 Pyruvates.
Steps 1 and 3 of glycolysis are…
Endergonic.
What is required in the 1st three steps of glycolysis?
ATP for glucose activation.
The ATP produced in glycolysis are generated by…
Substrate level phosphorylation.
What is the purpose of the NADH produced in glycolysis?
To carry e- to ETC.
Which molecules in glycolysis donate a phosphate to produce ATP?
PEP and 1,3BPG.
What has to happen to F1,6BP to generate 2 G3P?
Is splits in half.
What is added to G3P after it is oxidized by NAD+?
A phosphate group.
What has to happen to 3PG in order to make pyruvate and an ATP?
Phosphate is removed and it is rearranged.
Where do reaction of glycolysis occur?
Cytoplasm.
How much ATP is USED in glycolysis?
2.
What occurs after the formation of F1,6BP?
It splits into two 3GP molecules.
How is 1,3BPG formed from G3P?
It is oxidized.
How is pyruvate created from molecules of 1,3BPG?
Molecule is rearranged and loses a phosphate (makes NADH).
What occurs during pyruvate oxidation?
Carbon is loss as CO2, loses H+ by oxidation and makes NADH. Produces Acetyl CoA.
Where do reactions of krebs occur?
In the matrix of mitochondria.
What molecule does acetyl CoA join with at the start or krebs?
Oxaloacetate.
What is produced as a-ketoglutarate is changed into succinyl-CoA?
1 CO2, 1 NADH.
As succinyl coA changes to succinate what is produced?
1 ATP, 1 CoA.
What is generated in the final step of krebs?
OAA and NADH.
What is produced in krebs for one glucose molecule?
6 NADH, 2 FADH, 2 ATP.
Where is electron transport chain located?
The cristae folds, matrix and innermembrane space.
What are basic components of ETC?
3 proton pumps, 2 e- carriers.
What is the final electron acceptor?
Oxygen.
What is produced at the end of ETC?
Water.
What enzyme uses chemiosmosis to produce ATP?
ATP synthase.
How many ATP does NADH produce?
3 ATP.
What is the total number of ATP produced for one glucose molecule?
36-38 ATP.
What does a granum contain?
Several thylakoids.
Stomata allows for…
Carbon dioxide to diffuse in.
What role may chlorophyll b & carotenoid play in photosynthesis?
They broaden the range that can be used in light reactions.
Most plants appear green because chlorophyll…
Does not absorb green light.
Chlorophyll has a porphyrin ring with ____ at the centre.
Magnesium.
What part of a chlorophyll molecule absorbs light?
Porphyrin ring.
What dos PS2 create?
ATP.
The b6-f complex pumps protons into the…
Thylakoid lumen.
Ferredoxing is a constituent of…
PS1.
The Calvin cycle takes place in the…
Stroma.
What does RuBIsCO do?
Carbon fixation.
Photorespiration involves…
O2 and RuBP.
Only CAM plants can….
Capture CO2 at night.
Productivity of photosynthesis is the rate of….
Oxygen production.
How many fructose molecules are required to make 3 carbon intermediates of glycolysis?
1.
Oxaloacetate is converted to…
Citrate.
What reducing agent is produced by succinate dehydrogenase?
FADH2.
The movement of H+ through ATP synthase occurs from the…
Innermembrane space to the matrix.
Fermentation is…
Anaerobic.
Which process occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Glycolysis.
Guanine and Cytosine bind together with…
3 hydrogen bonds.
DNA replication takes place when?
During S phase.
DNA replication is semi conservative, that means…
All daughter strands include an original strand.
What is the first action in DNA replication?
DNA unwinds.
The replication fork is the location of the enzyme that…
Splits the strands into 2 parts.
DNA polymerase III help replication by…
Combining nucleotides to the exposed strand.
The lagging strand is called this because…
Nucleotides are added away from the rep. Fork.
A replication bubble consists of…
An area of replication on DNA.
What is the direction of elongation?
5’-3’
The genetic code interprets nucleotides in groups of…
Three.
What is the start codon?
AUG.
What is the role of mRNA?
The template of translation.
Note
Flashcard