Test 2 Psy 2600 Sensation and Perception

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Psychology

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104 Terms

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Computers + Object Perception
-Poor object perception
-stimulus on receptor is ambiguous
-objects can be hidden or blurred
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Viewpoint invariance
-Object properties don't change when viewed from different angles
-How humans recognize objects from different angles
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Perceptual Organization
Small objects become perceptually grouped into larger objects
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Gestalt psychology
-Principles of perceptual organization and figure-ground segregation
-"Whole is different than the sum of its parts"
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Structuralism
-Wundt
-Perception results from the summation of sensations
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Apparent movement
-Illusion of movement when two objects separated in space are presented rapidly, one after another, separated by a brief time interval
-Perceptual organization creates movement (contradicts structuralism)
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Illusory contours
Contour that is perceived even though it is not present in the physical stimulus
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Principle of good continuation
Points, when connected, result in straight or smoothly curving lines seen as belonging together, following the smoothest path
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Principle of Pragnanz/Good Figure/Simplicity
Every stimulus pattern is seen in a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible
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Principle of Similarity
Similar things appear to be grouped together
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Principle of Proximity/Nearness
Things that are near each other appear to be grouped together
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Principle of Common Fate
Things that are moving in the same direction appear to be grouped together
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Principle of Common Religion
Elements that are within the same region of space appear to be grouped together
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Principle of Uniform Connectedness
Connected regions of a visual stimulus are perceived as a single unit
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Figure-ground segregation
The perceptual separation of an object from its background
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Reversible figure-ground
-A figure-ground pattern that perceptually reverses as it is viewed (figure and ground switch)
-Ex Rubin's vase-face pattern
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Border ownership
When two areas share a border (in figure-ground displays) the border is usually perceived as belonging to the figure
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Gibson and Peterson experiment
-Standing woman in a doorframe
-Meaningfulness of stimulus matters
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Scene
-A view of real-world environments
-contains background elements
-contains objects organized in meaningful ways relative to each other and the background
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Gist of a scene
General description of a scene, can be perceived in 1/4 seconds
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Persistence of vision
-Perception of any stimulus persists for about 250ms after the stimulus is physically terminated
-Can be disrupted by visual masking
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Visual masking stimulus
Visual pattern presented after a visual stimulus to decrease a person's ability to perceive the stimulus. Stops persistence of vision and effective duration of the stimulus
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Global image features
Degree of naturalness, openness, roughness, expansion, and colour
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Degree of naturalness
-Natural scenes have textured zones and undulating contours
-Man-made scenes have horizontal and vertical straight lines
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Degree of openness
Open scenes typically have a visible horizon line and contain few objects
(Ocean and streets)
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Degree of roughness
Smooth scenes (ocean) contain fewer small elements, whereas high roughness contain many small elements and are more complex
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Degree of expansion
Convergence of parallel lines (ex. railroad tracks that appear to vanish in distance) have high degree of expansion. Dependent on observers, viewpoint
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Physical regularities
-Regularly occurring physical properties of the environment
-vertical + horizontal orientations more common than diagonals
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schema
Observer's knowledge about what is contained in typical scenes
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Likelihood Principle
Helmholtz; we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received
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Unconscious Inference
Helmholtz; some perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions that we make about the environment
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Bayesian inference
-Perception determined by accounting for probability
-Probability based on past experiences in perceiving properties of objects and scenes
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Prior probability
In Bayesian inference, a person's initial estimate of the probability of an outcome
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Likelihood
In Bayesian inference, the extent to which the available evidence is consistent with a particular outcome
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Binocular Rivalry
-One image presented to OS, one image presented to OD, and perception alternates back and forth between the two images
-Attention activates one brain area over another
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Brain areas and facial responses
Occipital cortex: initial processing of face information
FFA: Face identification
Amygdala: Emotional aspects of faces + reactions to facial expressions
STS: Evaluate where a person is looking + mouth movements
Frontal cortex: Evaluate a face's attractiveness
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Visual scanning
Moving the eyes to focus attention on different locations, on objects, or in scenes
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Fixation
The brief pause of the eye that occurs between eye movements as a person scans a scene
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Saccadic eye movement
Rapid eye movement between fixations that occurs when scanning a scene
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Overt vs Covert attention
Overt: involves looking directly at attended object
Covert: attention without looking
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Visual salience
Characteristics that cause stimuli to stand out and therefore attract attention
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Spatial attention
Attention to a specific location
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Precueing
A cue stimulus is presented to direct an observer's attention to a specific location where a test stimulus is likely to be presented. Posner used this to show attention enhances processing of a stimulus presented at cued location
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Binding
Features (colour, form,motion, location) are combined to create our perception of a coherent object. Occurs across senses
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Binding problem
Problem of how neural activity in many separated areas in the brain is combined to create a perception of a coherent object
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Feature integration theory (FIT)
Anne Treisman; explains how an object is broken down into feature and how these features are recombined to result in a perception of the object
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Preattentive stage (FIT)
Automatic and rapid stage of processing, during which a stimulus is decomposed into individual features
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Focused attention stage (FIT)
Stage of processing in which features are combined (requires focused attention)
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Balint's Syndrome
Damage to parietal lobe, causing inability to focus attention on individual objects
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Inattentional blindness
A stimulus that is not attended is not perceived, even though the person is looking directly at it
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Change blindness
Difficulty detecting differences between two visual stimuli presented one after another. Also occurs when part of a stimulus is changed very slowly
(Continuity errors)
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Load theory of attention
Lavie; the amount of perceptual capacity that remains as a person is carrying out a task determines how well the person can avoid being distracted by task-irrelevant stimuli
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Perceptual capacity
The resources a person has for carrying out perceptual tasks
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Perceptual load
The amount of a person's perceptual capacity needed to carry out a particular perceptual task
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Low-load vs high-load tasks
Low-load: uses small amount of person's perceptual capacity
High-load: involve more processing and therefore use more of a person's perceptual capacity
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Perceptual completion
Perception of an object as extending behind occluding objects
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Habituation vs dishabituation
Habituation: Paying less attention when same stimulus is presented repeatedly
Dishabituation: increase in responding that occurs when a stimulus is changed
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Task-irrelevant stimuli
A stimulus that does not provide information relevant to the task at hand
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Ecological validity
Gibson; An ecologically valid experiment matches its stimuli, conditions, and procedures to those present in the natural world
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Optic flow
Flow of stimuli in the environment that occurs when an observer moves relative to the environment (gradient of flow and FOE are important characteristics)
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Gradient of flow
Gradient created in optic flow by movement of an observer through the environment
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Focus of Expansion (FOE)
The point in the optic flow pattern caused by observer movement in which there is no expansion (Where you are looking towards)
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Invariant information
Environmental properties that do not change as the observer moves relative to an object or scene
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Self-produced information
Environmental information that is produced by actions of the observer. (Ex: somersaults by experts vs beginner)
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Swinging room experiment
Lee and Aronson; posture is corrected by vision
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Visual direction strategy
A strategy used by moving observers to reach a destination by keeping their body oriented toward the target
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Car Driving Experiment
Land and Lee; drivers don't look at FOE, instead look at the road where they are headed, and look at curves when turning
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Wayfinding
Navigating through the environment by perceiving and remembering objects in the environment and their relation to the overall scene, knowing when to turn and in what direction (using landmarks)
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Landmarks
Objects on a route that serve as cues to indication where to turn (used in way finding)
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Topographical Agnosia
Patients unable to recognize landmarks in real-world environment due to parahippocampal gyrus damage
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Cognitive Map
Mental map of the spatial layout of an area of the environment
(Tolman; rat experiment in maze with cheese)
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Affordances
Information specified by a stimulus pattern that indicates how the stimulus can be used
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Parietal Reach Region (PRR)
In parietal cortex, involved in reaching behaviour
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Monkey grasp experiment
Fattori; visuomotor grip cells: responds when an object is scene and also when hand grasps same object
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Mirror neurons
Neuron in premotor area that respond when monkey grasps an object and when monkey observes someone else grasping the object
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Audiovisual mirror neurons
Respond to actions that produce sound
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Action-specific perception hypothesis
People perceive their environment in terms of their ability to act on it (perception changes based on skills and difficulty level)
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Event
A segment of time at a particular location that is perceived by observers to have a beginning and an end
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Event boundary
The point in time when one event ends and another begins
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Akinetopsia
Damage to an area of the cortex involved in motion perception causes blindness to motion
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Real motion
The physical movement of a stimulus
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Illusory motion
Perception of motion when there actually is none
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Induced motion
The illusory movement of one object that is caused by the movement of another object that is nearby
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Motion aftereffects
Illusion that occurs after a person views a moving stimulus and then sees movement in the opposite direction when viewing a stationary stimulus immediately afterward (ex. waterfall illusion)
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Optic array
The structured pattern of light created by the presence of objects, surfaces, and textures in the environment
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Local disturbance in the optic array
Occurs when one object moves relative to the environment, so that the stationary background is covered/uncovered by the moving object. Indicates object is moving relative to the environment
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Global optic flow
Information for movement that occurs when all elements in a scene move. Indicates the observer is moving and not the scene
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Reichardt detector
Neural circuit in which signals caused by movement of a stimulus across the receptors are processed by a delay unit and an output unit so that signals are generated by movement in one direction but not the opposite direction
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Output unit
Component of Reichardt detector; compares signals received from 2+ neurons. Activity in this unit is necessary for motion perception
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Delay unit
Component of Reichardt detector; explains how neural firing occurs to different directions of movement. Delays transmission of nerve impulses as they travel from receptors towards brain
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Corollary discharge theory
Explains motion perception as being determined both by movement of the image on the retina and by signals that indicate movement of the eyes
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Image displacement signal (IDS)
In corollary discharge theory, the signal that occurs when an image moves across the visual receptors
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Motor signal (MS)
In corollary discharge theory, the signal that is sent to he eye muscles when the observer moves or tries to move their eyes
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Corollary discharge signal (CDS)
A copy of the motor signal that is sent to the eye muscles to cause movement of the eye. Copy is sent to the hypothetical comparator of corollary discharge theory
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Comparator
Structure hypothesized by the corollary discharge theory. the CDS and IDS meet at the comparator to determine whether movement will be perceived
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Real-motion neuron
Neuron in monkey's cortex that responds when movement of an image across the retina is caused by movement of a stimulus, but does not respond when movement across the retina is caused by movement of the eyes
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Coherence
In movement perception research when arrays of moving dots are used as stimuli, the degree of correlation between the direction of the moving dots
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
Presenting a strong magnetic field to the head that temporarily disrupts the functioning of a specific area of the brain
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Aperture problem
A portion of the moving stimulus is seen through a narrow aperture or "field of view" of a neurons' receptive field, causing misleading information about the direction the stimulus is moving
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Shorts path constraint
In apparent motion perception, the principle that apparent movement tends to occur along the shortest path between two stimuli (ex: women with hand infront vs behind head)