Section 1-2 Levels of Organization

These start and ends from slides #8-26

What are the levels of organiztion? (6 terms)

• The Chemical (or Molecular) Level

• The Cellular Level

• The Tissue Level

• The Organ Level

• The Organ System Level

• The Organism Level

Define The Chimical (or Molecular) Level

The level made up of atoms and molecules

• Atoms: smallest chemical unit

• Molecules: groups of atoms working together

• Important note: Atoms (combines to become) Molecules

Define the Cellular Level

Cells are a group of atoms, molecules, and organelles working together

Important note: Atoms → Molecules → Organelles → Cells

(what does this mean: Atoms help Molecules, Molecules make up Organelles, and Organelles work together within the cells

Define Atoms, Molecules, Organelles, and Cells

• Atoms: the smallest chemical units

• Molecules: made when atoms join together

• Organelles: structures inside cells, made of many molecules

• Cells: contain organelles that work together

Define Tissue Level

Tissues are a group of similar cells working together

Define Organ Level

An organ is a group of different tissues working together

Define Organ System Level and how many organ systems

• Organ system are a group of organs working together

• Humans have 11 organ systems

What are the 11 organ systems?

1) Integumentary

2) Skeletal

3) Muscular

4) Nervous

5) Endocrine

6) Cardiovascular (Circulatory)

7) Lymphatic/ Immune

8 ) Respiratory

9) Digestive

10) Urinary

11) Reproductive

Define Organism Level? What is a organism? (3 bullet points)

• A human is an organism

• An organism is a complete living individual

• All the organ systems work together to make up the organisms

• Important note: Organ system —> work together —> complete organism

What is the Integumentary system?

What is the major organs? (list 4)

What is its function? (3 listed)

The body system that includes the skin, hair, sweat glands, and nails and protects the body

• Major Organs:

• Skin

• Sweat Glands

• Nails

Functions:

• Protects against environmental hazards

• Helps regulate body temperature

• Provides sensory information

What is the Nervous system?

What is the major organs? (list 4)

What is its function? (3 listed)

The body system that controls and coordinates the body using nerve signals.

Main organs:

• Brain

• Spinal cord

• Peripheral nerves (connect the brain and spinal cords to the rest of the body)

• Sense organs

Functions:

• Directs immediate responses to stimuli

• Coordinates or moderates activities

• Provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions

What is the Skeletal system?

What is the major organs? (list 4)

What is its function? (3 listed)

the body system made up of bones and joints that support, protect and help move the body

Major organs:

• Bones

• Cartilages (strong flexible tissue that supports and cushions parts of the body (especially at joints)

• Associated ligaments (strong bands of tissue that connect bones to other bones and help stabilize joints)

• Bone marrow

Functions:

• Provides support and protection for other tissues

• Stores calcium and other minerals

• Forms blood cells

What is the Endocrine system?

What is the major organs? (list 6) and define each

What is its function? (3 listed)

The body system that produces and releases hormones to control different body functions

Major organs:

• Pituitary gland :( small gland in the brain that produces hormones and helps control growth, reproduction, and other body functions.)

• Thyroid gland :( A gland in the neck that produces hormones that help control metabolism, growth and energy use.)

• Pancreas : organ that helps digest food and produces hormones that control blood sugar)

• Adrenal glands : (small glands located on top of the kidneys that produce hormones that help the body respond to stress and regulates blood pressure and metabolism)

• Gonads (testes and ovaries): reproductive organs that produce sex hormones and reproductive cells (sperms or eggs)

• Endocrine tissues in other systems in other systems: Tissues in other organs that produce and release hormones to help control body functions.

Functions:

• Directs long-term changes in activities of other organisms

• Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body

• Controls many structural and functional changes during development

What is the Muscular system?

What is the major organs? (list 2) and define each (include examples)

What is its function? (3 listed)

the body system made up of muscles that help the body move, maintain posture, and produce heat

Major organs:

• Skeletal muscles: Muscles that are attached to bones and help move the body

ex: Biceps and Quadriceps

• Associated tendons : Strong bands of tissues that connect muscles to bones

ex: Achilies and Biceps tendon

• Aponeuroses (tendinous sheets) : Flat, broad sheets of connective tissues that connect muscles to bones or other tissues.

ex: abdominal and palmar (connective tissue sheet in palm) aponeuroses

Functions:

• Provides movement

• Provides protection and support for other tissues

• Generates heat that maintains body temperature

What is the Cardiovascular system?

What is the major organs? (list 3)

What is its function? (2 listed) (includes ex for 1)

The body system that circulates blood throughout the body delivering oxygen and nutrients and carrying away wastes.

Major organs:

• Heart

• Blood

• Blood vessels

Functions:

• Distributes blood cells, water , and dissolved materials

(includes nutrients, wastes products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide

• Distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature

What is the Lymphatic System?

What is the major organs? (list 5)

What is its function? (2 listed)

The body system that helps fight infections and removes excess fluid from the tissues

Major organs:

• Spleen

• Thymus

• Lymphatic vessels

• Lymph nodes

• Tonsils

Functions:

• Defends against infection and diseases

• Returns tissues fluids to the bloodstream

What is the Urinary System?

What is the major organs? (list 4)

What is its function? (4 listed)

The body system that removes wastes from the blood and gets rid of it through urine

Major Organs:

• Kidneys

• Ureters

• Urinary bladder

• Urethra

Functions:

• Excretes waste products from the blood

• Controls water balances by regulating volume of urine produced

• Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination

• Regulates blood ion concentrates and pH

What is the Respiratory System?

What is the major organs? (list 7)

What is its function? (4 listed)

The body system that brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide

Major organs:

• Nasal cavities

• Sinuses

• Larynx

• Trachea

• Bronchi

• Lungs

• Alveoli

Functions:

• Delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs)

• Provides oxygen to bloodstream

• Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream

• Produces sounds for communication

What is the Digestive System?

What is the major organs? (list 10)

What is its function? (3 listed)

The body system that breaks down and absorbs nutrients the body needs

Major organs:

• Teeth

• Tongue

• Pharynx

• Esophagus

• Stomach

• Small intestine

• Large intestine

• Liver

• Gallbladder

• Pancrease

Functions:

• Processes and digests food

• Absorbs and conserves water

• Absorbs nutrients (ions, water, and breakdown products of dietary sugars, proteins and fats)

What is the Male Reproductive System?

What is the major organs? (list 7) and purpose

What is its function? (1 listed)

The body system that produces sperm and male sex hormones and helps with reproduction

Major organs:

• Testes: produces sperm and testosterone

• Epididymis: stores and helps sperm mature

• Ductus deferens: transport sperm towards the urethra

• Seminal Vesicles: Produces fluid that helps nourish sperm

• Prostate Gland: produces fluid that help protect and support sperm

• Penis: Delivers sperm during reproduction and allows urine to level the body

• Scrotum: Protects the testes and helps regulate their temperature

Functions:

• Produces male sex cells (sperms) and hormones

What is the Female Reproductive System?

What is the major organs? (list 7)

What is its function? (3 listed)

The body system that produces eggs and female sex hormones and supports pregnancy and reproduction.

Major organs:

• Ovaries

• Uterine tubes

• Uterus

• Vagina

• Labia

• Clitoris

• Mammary glands

Functions:

• Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones

• Supports developing embryo from conception to delivery

• Provides milk to nourish newborn infants

What are positive feedback loops? What are feedback loops and what do they cause?

What are some ex. (5 listed)

Defintion: A self-amplifying cycle where a change causes more changes in the same direction.

What are feedback loops?

• Feedback loop is repeated, causing original change to increase

• used to produce rapid changes in the body

Examples:

1) Childbirth

2)Blood clotting

3) Protein digestion

4) Fever

5) Generation of nerve signals