Cell structure and organisation

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A cell that contains a true nucleus and other membrane bound organelles

What is the structure of a nucleus?

Surrounded by a double membraned nuclear envelope that contains nuclear pores which allows substances to exit. Nucleolus made of RNA and proteins inside.

What is the function of the nucleus?

Contains DNA coiled around chromatin, coordinates cellular activities

What is chromatin?

DNA protein found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

What is the structure of mitochondria?

Surrounded by a double membrane with folds in the inner membrane called cristae, filled with fluid called the matrix

What is the function of mitochondria?

Aerobic respiration and production of ATP

What is the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum?

Flattened membrane bound sacs in the cytoplasm connected to the nuclear envelope.

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Lipid synthesis

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Protein synthesis and transport

What is the structure of ribosomes?

Small sub unit over large sub unit, made from rRNA and proteins.

What is the function of ribosomes?

Translation of proteins. Small sub unit reads RNA and large sub unit joins amino acids.

What is the structure of the Golgi body?

Stack of membrane bound flattened sacs

What is the function of the Golgi body?

Modifies and packages proteins.

What is the structure of lysosomes?

Fluid filled vesicles surrounded by a single membrane.

What is the function of lysosomes?

Digest waste materials from the cytoplasm.

What is the structure of centrioles?

Pairs of microtubules in a 9+0 pattern.

What is the function of centrioles?

Migrate to opposite poles of the cell during prophase.

What is the structure of a chloroplast?

Double membraned disk shape containing thylakoids, grana and a stroma.

What is the function of a chloroplast?

Site of photosynthesis.

What is the structure of the permanent vacuole in plants?

Cell sap surrounded by a tonoplast.

What is the function of the permanent vacuole in plants?

Water storage, pH maintenance, isolates harmful waste products.

What is the plasmodesmata?

Channels between plant cell walls that allow communication.

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A cell that doesn’t contain a nucleus or membrane bound organelles.

What is the structure of the flagella in prokaryotic cells?

Long protrusion made of flagellin.

What is the function of the flagella in prokaryotic cells?

Rotates to propel the organism.

How is genetic information stored in prokaryotic cells?

Plasmids and loops of DNA.

What is the structure of pili in prokaryotic cell?

Microfibres made of pilin that extend through the cell wall.

What is the function of pili in prokaryotic cells?

Allow bacteria to attach to each other and surfaces.

What is the structure of the mesosome?

Folds in the cell membrane

What is the function of the mesosome?

Increases the surface area for cell respiration.

What is the structure of the capsule in prokaryotic cells?

Protective, slimy layer.

What is the function of the capsule in prokaryotic cells?

Helps the cell retain moisture and adhere to other surfaces.

Which organelles are in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes.

What size ribosomes are in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic have 70S, eukaryotic have 80S

What is the cell wall made of?

Cellulose in eukaryotes and peptidoglycan in prokaryotes.

What is a light microscope?

A microscope that uses lenses to magnify the visible light reflecting off a specimen.

What is magnification?

The number of times bigger an image appears compared to the size of the specimen.

How can the magnification of an image be calculated?

Magnification = size of image / size of specimen

What is cell theory?

Cells are the fundamental unit of all life forms, new cells can be formed from existing cells, cells can transfer genetic material to daughter cells.