Physcology Memory Quiz

What are the three processes of memory?

Encoding, storage, and retrieval.

What is encoding?

Putting information into memory.

What is storage?

Keeping information in memory over time.

What is retrieval?

Bringing stored information back into awareness.

What is automatic processing?

Encoding information without conscious effort.

What is effortful processing?

Encoding that requires attention and practice.

Which type of encoding is the most effective?

Semantic encoding.

What is semantic encoding?

Encoding information based on its meaning.

What is visual encoding?

Encoding images.

What is acoustic encoding?

Encoding sounds.

What is the self-reference effect?

We remember information better when it relates to ourselves.

What controls working memory in the Baddeley and Hitch model?

The central executive.

What are the three parts of working memory?

Phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and episodic buffer.

What are the three stages of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?

Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

What is sensory memory?

Brief storage of sensory information lasting a few seconds.

What is short-term memory (STM)?

Temporary storage lasting about 20 seconds.

How many items can short-term memory usually hold?

About 7 ± 2 items.

What is rehearsal?

Repeating information to remember it.

What is memory consolidation?

Moving information from short-term memory to long-term memory.

What is long-term memory (LTM)?

Permanent storage with virtually unlimited capacity.

What are the two types of long-term memory?

Explicit (declarative) and implicit (nondeclarative).

What is explicit memory?

Conscious memory of facts and events.

What are the two types of explicit memory?

Semantic memory and episodic memory.

What is semantic memory?

Memory for facts and general knowledge.

What is episodic memory?

Memory for personal experiences.

What is implicit memory?

Memory outside conscious awareness.

What is procedural memory?

Memory for skills and habits.

What are the three ways to retrieve memories?

Recall, recognition, and relearning.

What is recall?

Retrieving information without clues.

What is recognition?

Identifying previously learned information.

What is relearning?

Learning something again faster than the first time.

What is the function of the hippocampus?

Forms new explicit memories and helps memory consolidation.

What is the function of the amygdala?

Processes emotions and emotional memories.

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Stores procedural memories and supports classical conditioning.

What does the prefrontal cortex help with?

Encoding and retrieving semantic memories.

Which neurotransmitters are involved in memory?

Epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and acetylcholine.

What is arousal theory?

Strong emotions create stronger memories.

What is a flashbulb memory?

A vivid memory of an emotionally significant event.

What is anterograde amnesia?

Inability to form new memories after an injury.

What is retrograde amnesia?

Loss of memories formed before an injury.

What is suggestibility?

Forming false memories because of outside information.

What is the misinformation effect?

Incorrect information changes a person's memory.

Who studied false memories and the misinformation effect?

Elizabeth Loftus.

What is encoding failure?

Information is never stored in memory.

What is transience?

Memories weaken over time.

What is absentmindedness?

Forgetting because attention was lacking.

What is blocking?

Temporary inability to retrieve information (tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon).

What is misattribution?

Remembering information but confusing its source.

What is bias?

Current beliefs influence memories of past events.

What is persistence?

Inability to forget unwanted memories.

What is proactive interference?

Old information interferes with learning new information.

What is retroactive interference?

New information interferes with remembering old information.

What is chunking?

Grouping information into meaningful units.

What is elaborative rehearsal?

Connecting new information to existing knowledge.

What are mnemonic devices?

Memory aids that make information easier to remember.

What are four ways to improve memory?

Rehearsal, chunking, elaborative rehearsal, and mnemonic devices.

What lifestyle habits improve memory?

Exercise, enough sleep, studying without distractions, and regular review.

What is the Stroop effect?

Difficulty naming a color when the word and ink color do not match.

What is the forgetting curve?

Memory fades quickly without review, especially within the first 24 hours.

Who developed the forgetting curve?

Hermann Ebbinghaus.

What is explicit memory also called?

Declarative memory.

What is implicit memory also called?

Nondeclarative memory.

What type of memory stores facts?

Semantic memory.

What type of memory stores personal experiences?

Episodic memory.

What type of memory stores skills like riding a bike?

Procedural memory.