Biology Lecture Review

A set of vocabulary flashcards derived from the lecture notes covering various biological concepts.

Domain Bacteria

Single-celled prokaryotes that thrive in various habitats and have significant biomass.

Domain Archaea

Single-celled prokaryotes that often live in extreme environments.

Domain Eukarya

Comprises multicellular organisms including plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

Phylogeny

The evolutionary history of organisms.

Taxonomy

The science of naming and grouping species.

Binomial Nomenclature

A two-part naming system for organisms, where the first part is the genus and the second is the specific epithet.

Allopatric Speciation

The formation of two species from one original species due to geographic isolation.

Homologous Structures

Similar structures in different species derived from a common ancestor.

Analogous Structures

Similar structures in unrelated species that arose independently due to adaptation to similar environments.

Monophyletic Group

A group of organisms that includes a common ancestor and all its descendants.

Ectothermic

Organisms that rely on external sources for body heat.

Endothermic

Organisms that generate their own body heat through metabolic processes.

Asexual Reproduction

Reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes and results in genetically identical offspring.

Sexual Reproduction

Reproduction that involves the fusion of gametes, leading to genetically diverse offspring.

Cladistics

A method of classification based on common ancestry and shared derived characteristics.

Shared Derived Characters

Traits that are present in a group of organisms and arose from a common ancestor.

Speciation

The formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.

Binary Fission

A form of asexual reproduction seen in single-celled organisms, where a parent cell divides into two nearly equal halves.

Morphology

The study of the form and structure of organisms.

Genetic Evidence

Molecular data used to determine evolutionary relationships between species.

Phylogenetic Tree

A diagram that reflects evolutionary relationships among organisms.

Thermoregulation

The process by which animals maintain their body temperature within a normal range.

Speciation Phases

Reproductive isolation and genetic divergence are the two distinct phases of speciation.

Cell Type

Prokaryotic or eukaryotic, based on the presence of a nuclear envelope and organelles.

Chloroplasts

Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells.

Flagella

A long, whip-like structure that enables some cells to swim.

Eukaryotic

Organisms with cells that contain a nucleus and organelles.

Prokaryotic

Organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and organelles.

Homologous

Structures that are derived from a common ancestor but may serve different functions.