A & P Chapter 27 reproductive system

Scrotum

Sac of skin that houses is the testes one testes compartment hangs testicles externally to prevent high body temperature from destroying sperm

Dartos muscle

Smooth muscle involuntary control. A thin sheet of smooth muscle in the scrotum that regulates testicular temperature by contracting and wrinkling the scrotal skin in cold to conserve heat and relaxing to allow the skin to smooth out and increase heat loss when it’s warm.

Cremaster muscle

skeletal muscle that arises from the internal obliques elevates testes voluntary control (also under involuntary control, which is triggered by cold or touch)

Pampiniform plexus

A network of testicular veins that drain the testes and absorb body heat from the testes and scrotum this process controls the temperature

Tunica albuginea

Tough and fibrous heavy on collagen

Seminiferous tubules

Where the sperm germ cell resides. (smooth muscles)

Interstitial leydig cells

Lie between the seminiferous tubules and produce testosterone in the presence of luteinizing hormone that aids in maturing the sperm

Sustenocytes Sertoli cells

Cells found within the seminar for us to Bealls, that provide metabolic support for the spermatids

Sperm

The male reproductive cell that fertilizes a female egg to create a new human being

Spermatogenesis

The maturation of sperm 400, million/ produce daily they continue to mature as they work their way through the seminiferous tubules , and out the testes.

Epididymis

The continuation of the seminiferous tubules that hugs the external surface of the testes hear. The sperm’s are fed after they leave the seminiferous tubules

Ductus deferens

Extension of the epididymis extends up into the body cavity and loops around the back of the bladder pathway for sperm travel, receives secretion from seminal vesicle and prostate gland as it joins the urethra.

Semen

The thick, whitish fluid containing sperm that is ejaculated from the males reproductive track. It is a mix of sperm cells and seminal plasma, which is made up of fluid from glands like the seminal vesicle and prostate gland. Its main function is to transport sperm to an egg for fertilization.

Seminal vesicle

Gland that secretes 60% of semen: sugar acerbic acid enzymes, prostaglandins

Prostate

Chestnut shaped gland that encircles, the urethra

Bulbourethral gland

Produces thick mucus prior to ejaculation that flushes the urethra of acidic urine

Foreskin

Additional skin which protects the head of the penis can be removed by a procedure called circumcision

Corpus spongiosum cavernosa

Spongy erectile bodies of the penis one spongiosum two cavernosa: urethra runs through the spongiosum; fill up with blood during erection

Orchitis

The inflammation of one or both testicles typically caused by a bacterial or viral infection, can result in swelling pain and tenderness in the scrotum may be accompanied by fever and nausea. Most common cause in adults is bacterial infection from the urinary track or sexually transmitted infection mumps virus is a common viral cause.

Cryptorchidism

a absence of one or both testes from the scrotum most common male, genitalia birth defect (testes failed to drop into the scrotum)

Impotence

The inability to attain an erection (controlled by the autonomic nervous system)

Sterility

The inability to produce viable mature sperm

Meiosis

a specialized type of cell division that produces the chromosome number by half creating, four haploid daughter cells (gametes or spores) from a single diploid parent cell

Haploid

Contain only one set of chromosomes meaning they have half the total chromosome number of a species

Diploid

23 pairs (46) chromosomes within the nucleus

Homologous chromosomes

A chromosome pair; should match in size and gene content

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

Released by the hypothalamus, causes the pituitary to release LH & FSH

LH luteinizing hormone

Hormone produced by the pituitary gland that releases the reproductive systems of both males and female and female it triggers ovulation, and the formation of the corpus luteum, which helps prepare the uterus for pregnancy in male it stimulates the testes to produce testosterone

FSH follicle, stimulating hormone

Hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in females and sperm production in males

Testosterone

Release by the adrenal gland and interstitial cells in the testes stimulates sperm production and secondary male sex characteristics drive to development of sperm during spermatogenesis (the primary male sex hormone, a steroid hormone produce, mainly in the testes responsible for developing and maintaining male sex characteristics like facial hair and a deep voice. It is also made in smaller amounts by the ovaries and adrenal gland and plays a role in both sexes for functions, including muscle and bone, strength, mood, and fertility.)

Inhibin

A protein secreted by the sertoli cells in men and by the granulosa cells in women, it inhibits the synthesis and release of the follicle stimulating hormone in the pituitary gland and reduces the hypothermic LH releasing hormone

Ovarian ligament

A fibrous band of tissue that connects each ovary to the lateral side of the uterus, also known as the utero ovarian ligament or proper ovarian ligament. It helps to hold the ovary in place

Suspensory ligament

Anchors ovaries to the pelvic wall

Ovarian follicle

A small fluid fill sack within the ovary that contains an immature egg

Oogenesis

The maturation of the ovarian follicles in preparation for ovulation ( the process of formation of female gamete (egg) in the ovaries)

Primordial follicle

the earliest stage of an ovarian follicle consisting of an immature egg cell (oocyte) surrounded by a single layer of flatten support cells called granulosa cells

Primary follicle

An early stage of ovarian follicle development wear an immature oocyte is surrounded by two or more layers of cuboidal granulosa cells

Secondary follicle

Fluid fill space between granule cells (multiple layers of granulosa cells)

Vesicular follicle

Follicle bulges from surface of ovary. A mature ovarian follicle that contains a fully developed egg and a fluid filled cavity called the antrum. This stage is the final one before ovulation then the follicle ruptures to release the egg for potential fertilization.

Corpus Luteum

Ruptured follicle glandular, degenerating, structure, releases, estrogen, and progesterone and inhibit

Corpus albicans

Degenerating corpus luteum (10 days) fibrous fatty tissue that forms after the corpus, luteum and endocrine organ that help support pregnancy degenerates, which results in scar tissue if pregnancy does not occur

Ovulation

The process where a mature egg is released from an ovary during the menstrual cycle after release the egg travels through the fallopian tube where it can be fertilized by a sperm if the egg is not fertilized it disintegrates and is absorbed by the body, and the uterine lining is shed during the menstrual period

Uterine tube

10 cm long line with cillia leads into the uterus. main function is to transport the egg from the ovary to the uterus and provide a site for fertilization to occur.

Fimbriae

Ciliated projections that drape over the ovaries and draw the oocyte into the uterine tube ( finger like)

Uterus.

A hollow muscular organ that receives, retain and nourishes the fertilized ovum

Cervix.

A canal like opening into the uterus from the vagina or the outlet to the vagina lined with mucus glands, also known as as the neck of the uterus

Myometrium

Smooth muscle wall of the uterus

Endometrium

The mucosal lining of the uterus, simple columnar with thick vascular lamina propria; engorges in anticipation of a fertilize ovum, sheds if it doesn’t arrive

Stratum functionalis

Most inner layer of the uterus, top layer changes in response to the corpus luteum

Stratum basalis

Bottom layer of endometrium doesn’t undergo cyclic changes

Uterosacral ligament

Secures the uterus to the sacrum

round ligament

Binds the uterus to the anterior body wall

Vagina

Thin wall canal stretchy stratified squamous

Hymen

Fold of mucosa near the distal orifice of the vagina forms and incomplete partition or incomplete covering

Vulva

External genitalia, including labia minora /majora, clitoris, mons pubis

Mons pubis

Fatty rounded area overlying the pubic symphysis; covered with pubic hair in sexually mature woman

Labia majora

Outer layer covered in skin and hair

Labia minora

Female homologue to the ventral penis, thin, mucosa covered folds (lips)

Clitoris

Female homologue to the penis, erectile tissue richly innervated with blood and nerves

Mammary glands

Produce milk to nourish a newborn modified sweat glands present in both sex (heavily influence by reproductive hormones)

Fraternal twins

Two eggs released both fertilize by individual sperm babies will resemble each other as much as any two random siblings do

Identical twins

One egg, fertilize by one sperm early on during development, the embryo splits resulting into genetically identical fetuses

Conjoined twins

Identical twins that failed to separate completely usually due to the separation of the embryo occurring 15 or more days after fertilization

Endometriosis

A chronic inflammatory disease of the endometrium tissue grows atypically, bleeding, pain. sterility

Gynecomastia

Breast development in men

STI’s/STDs

Infectious disease spread by sexual contact. United States has the highest rate in any industrialized nation.

Gonorrhea

Caused by neisseria vague symptoms like urinary issues, PID, and possibly sterility

Syphilis

Caused by treponema: stage (1) canker sores on genitals stage (2) weeks two months later if not treated rash fever, joint pain, anemia, hair, loss, Layton stage stage (3) destructive lesions in CNS, gummas

Chlamydia

Caused by chlamydia symptoms are pain urinary problem discharge PID sterility

Herpes

Virus that lives in the body forever flareups with stress no vaccine available

Sex chromosomes

The 23rd pair males have one large X and one small Y chromosome while females have two large X chromosomes

Puberty

The period of life when reproductive organs become functional sexual maturity

Menarche

The first initial period (a.k.a. menstrual)

Menopause

The permanent cessation of menstruation

Dysmenorrhea

Literally pain during ministration may coexist with heavy bleeding, often secondary to fibroids endometriosis leiomyoma

Gynecology

Branch of medicine that deals with female reproductive system

Urology

The branch of medicine that deals with the urinary system

Hysterectomy

Surgical removal of the uterus

Mammography

X-ray or MRI examination of the breast dense mass tumors usually show up

Methods of birth control

Abstinence, Tubal ligation, Vasectomy, Hormonal pill or patch, IUD, Condom Diaphragm rhythm method, Withdrawal

Spermicides