Pharmacology Lecture Notes

Flashcards for reviewing key vocabulary terms from pharmacology lecture notes.

Pharynx

Resonator, humidifies and warms air.

Sinuses

Resonance, mucus production, lighten the skull.

Larynx

Phonation, adapted to vibrate (vocal folds and cords) Breathing: open Phonation: move together and air causes vibration.

Mucus

Keeps particles from reaching the alveoli. Secreted by goblet cells.

Cilia

Epithelial wall lined with ciliated epithelium (200 celia per cell) Power stroke in direction to the pharynx Mucus and trapped particles are swallowed and coughed.

H1 antagonists

Prevents the activity of agonists and partial agonists.

Inverse agonists

Prevents the constitutive activity of the receptor i.e. makes the receptor inactive.

Cough reflex

Bronchi and trachea are sensitive to light touch (larynx and carina most sensitive).

Histamine

Endogenous amine that helps in immediate allergic response (H1) - bronchoconstriction and vasodilation Gastric acid secretion (H2) Neurotransmitter release from granules on mastocytes Antigen I-gE interaction on mast cell surface.

Agonists

Activates the receptor to its maximum capacity.

Partial Agonist

Activates the receptor but only partially, not to its maximum capacity, it prevents the activity of the full agonist.

Localized reddening

Localized reddening, direct vasodilating effect.

Flare

1cm slower onset, indirect vasodilation.

Wheal

In 1-2min, increased capillary permeability.

Chlorpheniramine

Most potent H1 antagonists ● Less prone to induce drowsiness, more suitable for daytime ● CNS effects are more common ● Antiflu.

Loratadine

Active metabolite: desloratadine ● NO anticholinergic actions ● NO penetration to CNS ● Mast cell stabilizing and antiinflammatory properties.

Fexofenadine

Replaced terfenadine, it is its active metabolite and lacks the toxic side effects of terfenadine ● NO sedation ● Antiallergic ● Allegra.

Cetirizine

Minimal anticholinergic effect ● Associated with drowsiness than other 2nd gen piperazines ● Mast cell stabilizing and anti inflammatory properties.

Terfenadine and Astemizole

May cause arrhythmia ● Torsade de pointes ● Terfenadine metabolized by CYP3A4 to fexofenadine ● NO SE USAN.

N-acetylcisteine

Derivative of cysteine that reduces disulfide bridges that bind glycoproteins to proteins, ONLY IN THE US.

Amantadine

Inhibits early viral replication, late step viral assembly Primary locus of action is influenza A virus M2 protein.

Amantadine

Parkinsonism Alternative medication for antipsychotic induced parkisons.

Bronchodilators

Relax airway smooth muscle or blocks bronchoconstriction effects of neurotransmitters ● B2 adrenergic agonist (sympathomimetics) ● Theophylline (Methylxanthine) ● Anticholinergic agents (muscarinic receptor antagonists).

Antimuscarinic agents

Antimuscarinic agents ● Competitive antagonists of Ach @ muscarinic receptors ● Direct inhibition of constrictor effect on bronchial smooth muscle ● M3-Gq-PLC-IP3-Ca2+ pathway ● Parasympathetic regulation ● Bronchial tone ● Mucus secretion ● Antimuscarinic drugs antagonize these effects.

Tiotropium bromide

Once daily dose ● Binds to all M receptors ● Dissociates slowly from Ml and M3.

Theophylline Bronchodilator action

Several mechanisms ● Nonselective inhibition of PDEs.

Disodium cromoglycate

egyptian herbal medicine ● Allergy protection without bronchodilator effect ● Not used as much anymore for asthma therapy.