Bio-1406: Chapter 1
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89 Terms
What are the characteristics of living things?
Organization: 1+ cells
Grow
Reproduce
Respond to stimuli
Adapt and evolve (as a population)
Unifying themes of living things…
Organization
Information
Energy and matter
Interactions
Evolution
Properties of life…
Order
Sensitivity/ responce to stimuli
Reproduction
Adaptation
Growth and development
Regulation/ homeostasis
Energy processing
Evolution
What is Order as a property of life?
Highly organized structure of living things: from molecules and cells to whole organisms.
What is sensitivity or responce to stimuli?
Ability of organism to detect and respond to change in it’s internal or external environment.
What is stimulus?
Any change in the internal or external environment that causes an organism to respond.
What is reproduction?
Process by which organism produces offspring.
What is adaptation?
Inherited characteristic that improves an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in it’s environment.
What is evolutionary adaptation?
Inherited traits in a population that improve survival and reproduction over generations.
What is growth and development?
Growth: increase of size.
Development: process of changes an organism goes through during it’s life.
What is regulation?
The control of an organism’s internal environment.
What is homeostasis?
Maintenance of relatively stable interval conditions despite changes inside or outside the organism.
What is energy processing?
the obtaining transforming, and using of energy to preform life processes.
What is evolution?
“Descent with modification”
Populations change over generations and organisms share common ancestors.
What do living and nonliving things have in common?
Both made of matter
Both include elements organized into compounds and molecules.
What is matter?
Anything that has mass and takes up space.
What is an element?
A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substance by chemical means.
What is a compound?
A substance made from two or more different elements chemically combined.
What is a molecule?
Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.
What is the order of biological organization, smallest to largest in an organism?
Atoms
Molecules
Compounds
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
Organism
What is the order of biological organization, largest to smallest in an organism?
Organism
Organ systems
Organs
Tissues
Cells
Organelles
Compounds
Molecules
Atoms
What is an organelle?
A specialized structure inside a cell that preforms a specific function.
“organelle = organ-ina-cell“
What is a cell?
Smallest unit of life that can preform all activities required for life.
What is a tissue?
A group of simillar cells that work together to preform a specific function.
What is an organ?
A structure made of multiple tissues that work together to preform specific functions.
What is an organ system?
A group of organs that work together to carry out major body functions.
What is an organism?
An individual living thing.
What is a population?
A group of individuals of same space living in same area.
What is a community?
All population of different species living and interacting in one area.
What is an ecosystem?
A community of organisms plus the nonliving parts of their environment.
What is the biosphere?
ALL ecosystems on Earth: where they exist.
What is a phylogenetic tree?
A diagram showing evolutionary relationship among species based on genetic traits, physical transits, or both.
What does Taxonomy mean?
The scientific classification of organisms.
Father of modern taxonomy, standardize classification of organisms and how they are scientifically named.
Carl Linnaeus.
Who created binomial nomenclature (the consistent system for naming species)?
Carl Linnaeus
What does binomial mean?
Two names.
What is binomial nomenclature?
The two-part scientific naming system used for organisms
What does binomial mean?
Two names.
What are emergent properties?
New properties that arise at bigger picture of biological organizations, are not found in individual parts alone.
Example of emergent properties…
Individual heart cells cannot pump blood alone, nut together they form a heart that can.
Why do emergent properties occur?
For the arrangement and interactions of parts as biological complexity increases.
What does “the whole is greater than the sum of its parts“ mean in biology?
Interactions among parts can create now properties/ functions individuals cannot
What is reductionism?
Study of biological system breaking complex organism into small to understand better.
Reductionism vs reduction
Biological study approach — chemical gain of electrons.
What is systems biology?
Study of system by analyzing interactions.
How does systems biology relate to reductionism?
by studying how parts interact as a whole system.
Relation between structure vs function…
Structure’s form is related to what it can do.
Give an example of structure and function
Bird’s wings allow them to fly.
What is the cell theory?
The idea that all living organisms are made of cells.
What surrounds every cell?
A membrane.
What does a membrane do?
It controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell and its environment.
What is a prokaryotic cell?
A smaller simple cell that lacks nucleus and membrane-enclosed cell.
Which organisms have prokaryotic cells?
Bacteria and Archaea.
What is a eukaryotic cell?
Cells with nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles.
Which organisms have eukaryotic cells?
All forms of life other than bacteria and archaea.
What is a nucleus?
Membrane enclosed organelle in eukaryotic cell that contains genetic material.
What is DNA?
The molecule that stores genetic info.
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Where is genetic material found in cells?
In the chromosomes.
What is a chromosome?
A structure containing genetic material in the form of DNA.
What is a gene?
A segment of DNA that containing info to influence molecule’s cell identity/ function.
Why are genes called the units of inheritance?
They carry info passed from parent to offspring.
What is the structure of DNA?
Two strands arranged in a double helix.
What is a double helix?
The twisted-ladder shape formed by 2 strands of DNA.
What are nucleotides?
Chemical building blocks of DNA.
What are the four nucleotide bases?
Adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), guanine (G).
What are the nucleotide bondings?
A - T or T - A
C - G or G - C.
What does the DNA nucleotides A-T/G-C stand for?
Adenine - Thymine / Guanine - Cytosine.
Why does the order of DNA bases matter?
They provide information for making proteins.
2 examples of proteins…
Enzymes and Antibodies.
What is the main source of energy for most ecosystems?
The sun.
What are producers?
Photosynthetic organisms, such as plants- produce own energy.
What are consumers?
Organisms that obtain energy via feeding off of other organisms or their remains.
What does “interactions” mean in biology?
Bio systems depend on interactions among their components and with the environment (response of stimuli).
What is feedback?
A regulatory mechanism where output of the process affects the process itself
Ex: When you get feedback from a boss you change.
What is negative feedback?
A feedback mechanism where the response reduces the original stimulus.
What is positive feedback?
A feedback mechanism where the response amplifies or speeds up the original production/ stimuli.
What feedback helps maintain homeostasis?
Negative feedback - going back to origeonal.
What is common ancestry?
The idea different species share ancestors from the past.
Who published the Origin of Species?
Charles Darwin, 1859.
What are observations?
Information gathered using senses or scientific tools.
What is quantitative data?
Descriptive, nonnumeric data.
What is quantitative data?
Numerical data, often tables/ graphs.
What is inductive reasoning?
Using specific observations to form a general conclusion.
What is deductive reasoning?
Using general principles to predict a specific outcome.
When to use in/deductive reasoning?
Inductive- descriptive science
Deductive - hypothesis-based science.
Order of the scientific process
Make an observation
Ask a question
Form a hypothesis that answers the question
Make a prediction based on the hypothesis
Do an experiment to test the prediction
Analyze the results
Hypothesis supported/ NOT supported (go to step 3 again)
Report results
List the steps of gene expression
DNA, crystallin gene
Transcription
mRNA
Translation
Chains of amino acid
Protein folding
Protein