Circulatory System Review

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts related to the circulatory system, facilitating focused review and study.

Circulatory System

A system that transports nutrients, gases, waste products, and more throughout the body.

Purpose of circulatory system

• Transports

• Blood clotting factors

• chemical messengers

• antibodies

• temperature balance

Animals without a circulatory system

• sponge

• Hydra

• Flatworms

Animals without a circulatory system (sponge)

have the simplest form of a circulatory system, water currents bring in nutrients and release waste

Animals without a circulatory system (hydra)

Have the simplest form of a circulatory system, water currents bring in nutrients and release waste

Animals without a circulatory system (Flatworms)

Have a very thin body, dont have circulatory system as they are very thin and can easily do gas diffusion

Diffusion

The process by which substances move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Open Circulatory System

A system where blood is pumped by a heart and empties into an open fluid space, mixing with interstitial fluid to form hemolymph.

Closed Circulatory System

A system where blood circulates in a continuous loop through a network of vessels.

Hemolymph

A fluid in invertebrates, comparable to blood, that transports nutrients and waste. blood + intestitial fluid = hemolymph

• Is a major O2 transporter in invertebrates

• Not bout to blood cells

• Oxygenation causes color changes

Color of deoxygenated blood

Colorless Cu (I)

Color of oxygenated blood

Blue Cu(II)

Functions of insect hemolymph

• transports nutrient, hormones, waste products and immune molecules

• works in heat transfer

• Hydraulic skeleton especially in larvae

Common elements of a closed circulatory system

• a fluid

• A pump

• Vessels

Systolic Pressure

The pressure in the arteries when the heart beats and pumps blood.

Diastolic Pressure

The pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest between beats.

Who uses a closed circulatory system?

All vertebrates and some invertebrates

What kind of circulatory system is this?

Closed circulatory system

What kind of circulatory system is this?

Open circulatory system

Single circulation

A type of circulatory system where blood flows in one loop, typically found in fish, where blood passes through the heart once for each complete circuit.

Parallel circulation

A circulatory system where blood is distributed through multiple circuits, allowing for different oxygenation levels and pressures. Common in some amphibians and most mammals.

Double circulation

A type of circulatory system in which blood flows through two separate circuits: one for oxygenating blood in the lungs and the other for delivering oxygenated blood to the body. This system is found in birds and mammals.

Fish circulatory system

Undivided, blood is oxygenated before entering the body. Has a higher blood pressure than in an open system. Two chambered heart (bottom ventricle and top atrium)

What are the two parts of a fish circulatory system

Bottom ventricle and top atrium

What animal uses this kind of circulatory system

Fish

Amphibian and reptile circulatory system

• partially divided, blood is oxygenated before going to the body.

• One pump means that there is one blood pressure

• Three chambers

  • left atrium

  • right atrium

  • ventricle

What are the three chambers of the amphibian and reptile circulatory system

Left atrium, right atrium, ventricle

What animal uses this kind of circulatory system

Amphibians and most reptiles

Crocodiles, birds and mammals circulatory system

• Completely divided (double circuit)

• Blood is oxygenated first

• there is two pump meaning that there is two blood pressures

• There four chambers

• The left side of the heart always deals with the oxygenated blood (the pulmonary circuit)

What are the two circuits of the mammalian heart

Pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit

Pulmonary circuit

The right heart, regulates between the heart and the lung

Systemic circuit

Left heart, regulates the blood flow between the heart and the rest of the body.

Valves

Valves work based on pressure. When pressure is greater behind the valve it opens, when pressure is greater in front of the valve it closes. Left side of the septum is thicker in the muscles as it requires more force for contraction.

Cardiac Cycle

The sequence of events in one heartbeat, including contraction and relaxation phases.

Neurogenic hearts

In some crustaceans, beats under the control of the nervous system

Myogenic hearts

All other animals (not crustaceans) contractions are initiated within the heart

Systolic pressure

The contraction of ventricles pushes blood into the arteries at peak pressure. contraction

Diastolic pressure

Between contractions when the blood pressure in the arteries falls to a minimum pressure. Relaxation

Order of contraction

Both atria go first followed by both ventricles

Cardiac conduction

Heart has a rhythmical electrical activity. The source of the electrical activity is a network of specialized cardiac muscle fibers called auto-rhythmic fibers

auto-rhythmic fibers

generate electrical impulses to regulate heartbeats. They are self excitable, generate action potentials act as a pacemaker setting the rhythm of the heart, and transmits electric signals through the heart

Cardiac muscle action potential

A stimulation opens the Na gates and Na enters the cell. This causes the cell depolarization. This causes the Na concentration goes down and K channels to open, allowing K to exit the cell, leading to repolarization. Causing the K concentration to increase

Pacemaker

A specialized cardiac muscle fiber that initiates and regulates heart contractions.

Electrocardiography

is the process of recording the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time using electrodes placed on the skin. It helps diagnose various heart conditions and is essential in monitoring heart health.

Order of a ECG reading

1. P wave

2. Atrial depolarization

3. Atrial contraction

4. QRS complex

5. Ventricular depolarization

6. Ventricular contraction

7. T wave

8. ventricle repolarization

amount of blood pumped by each ventricle

7560000 ml per day

Autonomic Regulation

The process by which the autonomic nervous system controls heart rate through sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. Controlled by the medulla oblongata

Medulla oblongata

part of the hind brain or the brain stem. Controls heart rate. Blood pressure changes are monitored by baroreceptors which is monitored by medulla oblongata

Role of the sympathetic division in circulatory system

Increases the heart rate

Role of the parasympathetic division

Decrease the heart rate

Break down of blood

Plasma portion

• Water

• Proteins

• ions, sugars, lipids, amino acids

Cellular portions

• Leukocytes

• platelets

Components

red blood cells - enythrocytes

Plasma portion of the blood

• Water

• Plasma proteins

• Ions, sugars, lipids, amino acids, hormones

Cellular portion of blood

• Leukocytes

• Platelets

Components of blood

• Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

Arterioles

Small branches of arteries that deliver blood to capillaries.

Capillaries

Microscopic blood vessels where the exchange of materials occurs between blood and tissues.

Veins

Blood vessels that return deoxygenated blood to the heart.

Venules

Collect blood from the capillaries

Arteries and arterioles

have thick walls, blood flows under high pressures and acts as pressure reservoirs

Veins and venules

Have thinner walls, blood flows under lower pressure. Work as blood reservoirs

Features of a capillary

Walls are single endothelia cells, and are very near the body cells they are the most numerous vessels in the body

Lymphatic System

A system that collects and returns interstitial fluid to the bloodstream and plays a role in the immune response.

Components of the lymph system

• lymph

• lymphatic vessels

• lymphatic tissues

• lymphatic nodules

• lymphatic nodes

• tonsils

• spleen

• thymus

Functions of the lymphatic system

helps maintain fluid homeostasis, fat absorption and defends the microorganisms

Cardiac Output

The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute, calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate.

Bradycardia

A slower than normal heart rate.

Tachycardia

A faster than normal heart rate.