Geog

5

5

There are _____ number of layers that make up the atmosphere

Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere

_____, _____, ______ are the three layers of the atmosphere closest to the earth

thermosphere, exosphere

_____ and ______ are the two layers of the atmosphere furthest from the earth

thins

Air density ______ the higher up in the atmosphere it travels

equator

Solar radiation is especially strong at the ________

more

The equator receives ________ radiation than at the poles

more

The sun rays hit _________ directly at the equator than at the poles

heat

The atmospheric global circulation cycle redistributes _______ away from the poles

Hadley

The ______ cell is the air circulation closest to the equator

less

Sunlight hits the equator with __________ surface area than at the poles, with the same amount of energy

Aerosols

_______ are finely divided solid or liquid particles that are dispersed in the atmosphere

natural

Volcanic dust is an example of a _______ aerosol

anthropogenic

Agricultural dust & soot are examples of an _________ aerosol

intercepting, scattering, direct

Aerosols have a direct effect on the atmosphere by _______ and ____ a small portion of radiation from the sun. This is an example of a ________ effect of aerosols

indirect, more, smaller

Affecting cloud formation is an example of an ______ effect. Aerosols lead to clouds containing _____ and ______ water droplets.

reduced, extreme events, heavy

________ rainfall and _______ ________ with ______ rainfall is a result of anthropogenic aerosol pollution

Burning of biomass, creating industrial emissions

_______ and ________ by humans can increase aerosols

dust pall

Agricultural dust can lead to the creation of a ____ _____

global dimming

From the years of 1960-1990, the earth went through an event called ______ ______ where solar radiation reaching the surface declined due to increased aerosols reflecting sunlight

global brightening

_____ _____ is the event since the 1990s of solar radiation reducing due to a decrease in aerosols

Precipitation, temperature

When thinking about earth's atmosphere, _______ & _____ are the two variables that are observed

aerosols, greenhouse gases, albedo, & evapotranspiration

_____, _____, ______, & _______ all impact the earth's temperature and precipitation

Short-wave

- radiation is the radiation coming from the sun

Long-wave

- radiation is the radiation emitted from the earth

greenhouse effect

The _____ ____ is the phenomenon which traps heat in the earth's atmosphere

large, higher

____ amounts of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide lead to _____ amounts in heat in the atmosphere

predict

Models are used to _____ factors and trends such as amounts of CO2 and air temperature

higher

Models predict that the _____ latitudes will be more affected by climate change

oxygen

Ozone is comprised of 3 ______ molecules

stratosphere

The ozone layer is in the ________

UV radiation

The ozone layer shields the earth from incoming ________ _________

smog, ground

Bad ozone also known as _________ forms at the _________ level

1980s

Starting around the __________ scientists began noticing a significant thinning of the ozone

southern pole

Ozone depletion is most noticeable in the _________ _________ region

ozone hole

Ozone depletion in this area is also referred to as the _________ _______ also not necessarily a hole

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

The most famous ozone depleting substance is _____________ (______)

solar radiation

Once diffused into the atmosphere, CFC's are broken down by _____ _____

chlorine, oxygen

The ________ from the broken-down CFC's bonds with _________ to destroy ozone

Montreal Protocol

In 1987, counties adopted the _________ ________ that pledged to phase out CFC's

rural, urban

People have been relocating from _______ to ___________ regions

poorer

______ counties rely heavily on coal, oil, and wood

suspended particulate matter (SPM)

The use of the coal, etc. leads to increased amounts in _________ (_____) which can get into your lungs

toxic base metals, carcinogens, urban

Arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury are all examples of _______ ______ _____ because of their role as _______. These pollutants have been found to be in mostly ________ areas.

photochemical smog, sunlight

_________ _________ is a mixture of smoke and fog and is produced when nitrous oxides react with ______

China

_______ is the country who (in 2005) produced the highest amounts of sulfur dioxide emissions

Clean Power Plan, marginalized, lives, money

The ______ _____ ________ is a program started under Obama's Climate Action Plan in 2014 to reduced emissions from industry. _________ communities are more likely to be impacted from climate change issues. This program saves _______ and _______ by reducing medical costs and death.

renewable energy

The federal approach of bringing in _______ _______ to low-income communities is supposed to help by creating jobs in local areas, reducing overall and local pollution, and reduce cost of power.

Arctic ocean

The ocean surrounding the region surround land around the North Pole is the _________ ______

Arctic circle, 66 degrees, 34 mins

Scientists define the Arctic as the region above the _______ _______. This line occurs at ~ about ______ and _______ North.

one

The sun sets and rises _______ time per year.

Arctic treeline

Another definition for the Arctic is the area above the _______ _______.

10C or 50F

If using temperature to define the Arctic, then the Arctic would be considered in high latitudes where the average summer temperature does not reach above ________.

4, half

About ____ million people live in the Arctic. _______ a million are indigenous to the area.

cryos

The word "cryosphere" comes from the Greek word ________.

frozen water

The region of the cryosphere is the considered the _______ ________ part of the Earth's system.

land, ground, sea

The three main components of the cryosphere consist of _______ ice, ______ ice, and _____ ice.

high

The snow and ice have a _______ albedo which reflects sunlight. This process helps to regulate the Earth's temperature.

not

The cryosphere is ________ limited to the North Pole.

land

The largest part of the cryosphere includes ________ ice.

glacier

A __________ is a large mass of that is resting on land or floating on sea adjacent to land.

ice fields, ice sheets

As opposed to glaciers, ______ _______ and _____ _______are not constrained by topography.

2

There are currently ____ ice sheets on earth.

attatched

Ice shelves are floating sheets of ice permanently _________ to a land mass.

icebergs

______ are sections of broken ice away from land ice or ice shelves.

loss

Most places in the world are witnessing net ________ in ice.

glacier

In the news clip shown, Iceland hiked to hold a memorial for the death of a _________.

ground, ground, 0C

Permafrost is considered _______ ice and is _______ that has been at a temperature of _____ or below for two years or more.

permanently frozen

"Permafrost" means ______ __________.

ground

Permafrost is not about frozen ice, but about how much frozen _______.

land bridge

During the last Ice Age, there was a _____ ______ between Alaska and Russia.

sub-sea

- permafrost is permafrost under the ocean.

ocean, rivers, lakes

Ice in water includes ice that is found in the _______ and frozen ______ and _______.

lower

Salt water freezes at a _______ temperature than fresh water.

excluded, brine rejection, dense

When salt water freezes, salt is ________ from the ice crystals in a process called _______ ______. As a result of this process, the surrounding sea water becomes saltier and more ______.

conveyor belt circulation

The sea ice contributes to the ocean's global _______ _______ _______.

homeland security, resource extraction, arctic ocean

_________ ________, _________ _____ and access to the ________ _____ are all reasons why us "lower 48-staters" should care about the Arctic.

DEW, distant early warning

The ______ Line or _____ ______ _____ Line, was the line of protection created in the Arctic in case the Soviet Union attacked the United States during the Cold War.

Greenland

In the summer of 2019, President Trump made an offer to buy ________, and offer that had been made by U.S. presidents before him.

food security

_____ _____ is the concept about measuring the availability of food and one's access to it

food insecurity

In places where availability or access is limited, we talk about ______ __________

part

Most Inuits see themselves as a ________ of their ecosystem

nomadic

Most Inuits lead ______ lives, moving from camp to camp through the seasons hunting herds of animals

thinning, less

_______ sea ice means _______ access for arctic communities because it's either not there or isn't thick enough for travel

traditional

________ knowledge might not be as adapted to sea ice changes

water

As permafrost thaws, Arctic communities lose _____ to land through land subsidence

new lakes, large depressions

Permafrost thawing can lead to ______ ______ or ______ _______ across large swaths of land.

animals, migratory

With the mosaic of the land possibly changing every year, _________ are affected when looking for food. And wildlife is affected by being forced to change _________ paths.

cultural

"Our" food may not be a part of "their" diet, and the _________ shift in transitioning diets and gathering food could be huge by having a need for money and losing part of their identity.

import

The price of staple fuels relies heavily on _______ price for transportation, making access to healthier foods difficult.

coast

Most Inuit communities live along the ________.

displacement

Some Native Alaskan communities are faced with the serious threat of _______ or forced migration

land subsidence

Permafrost thaw can lead to ____ ____ which causes infrastructure damage and displacement.

coastal erosion

________ _________ leads to property loss.

ice/albedo climate

The /__ ______ feedback loop is one Earth's most effective air-conditioning systems

cool

Reflected radiation via ice keeps the climate ______

oceans

With a decrease in ice coverage, solar radiation is absorbed by the _________ which has a low albedo

heat

Water can retain a lot of ________

glaciers

If temperatures were to increase, sea ice would have the ability to still bounce back and regrow as opposed to _______ which do have a temperature tipping point.

slower, carbon

Due to a colder environment, rate of plant decomposition is ________ than at temperate latitudes and as a result a layer of detritus that is frozen into the permafrost. This permafrost is thought to contain more than twice the amount of ______ than is stored in the Amazon forest.

methane, heat

As the permafrost thaws, anaerobic microbes which can live in the flooded areas are able to decompose plant material and produce the greenhouse gas ________ which traps ______ in the atmosphere