Self Care Final - Test 3

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What are some benefits of smoking cessation?

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What are some benefits of smoking cessation?

  • lowers the risk of lung and other types of cancer

  • reduces the risk of heart disease and stroke w/in 1 to 2 years by 50%

  • after 5 to 10 years, a previous smoker's risk for heart disease is equal to someone who never smoked

  • reduces respiratory symptoms

  • slows the rate of decline in lung function

  • reduces the risk of infertility

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What are the two sides of the problem of tobacco dependence?

Physiological and behavioral

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What describes physiological tobacco dependence?

the addiction to nicotine

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What describes behavioral tobacco dependence?

The habit of using tobacco

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What is true of treatments for tobacco dependence?

They should address the physiological and behavioral aspects of dependence

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What should we start with in the treatment of tobacco dependence?

A good medical history; helps tailor therapy, avoid risky therapies, find out about the support they may or may not have, and gives insight into their motivation to quit

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What kind of questions should we ask a patient who is not ready to quit smoking?

Do you ever plan to quit?

How would it benefit you to quit now, instead of later?

What would have to change for you to decide to quit sooner?

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What are the 5 A's of counseling?

Ask- ask if they smoke cigs

Advise - offer personalized advice to quit

Assess - Ask if the patient is willing to quit

Assist - Behavioral counseling + FDA Rx

Arrange - Arranging a follow-up visit

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What are some behavioral counseling points we can provide patients dealing with tobacco dependence?

set a quit date

tell others and ask for support

plan for challenges/cravings

remove all tobacco products

clean house, car, clothing

emphasize abstinence

use a calendar and contact

brainstorm better uses of money

quit lines

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What are the 7 FDA approved medications for tobacco cessation?

nicotine gum,

nicotine patch,

nicotine lozenge,

nicotine nasal spray,

nicotine inhaler,

bupropion SR (Zyban),

varenicline (Chantix)

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What are some typical challenges that come with tobacco cessation?

Craving and withdrawal symptoms, facing triggers, and fear of weight gain

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What is the MOA of bupropion SR?

Blocks neuronal reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine

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What is the MOA of varenicline?

Partial nicotinic receptor agonist

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When should bupropion SR and varenicline be started and how long should treatment last when treating tobacco dependence?

Start 1 week before the quit date and continue for 3 months in total

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What are some exclusions for self treatment of tobacco cessation?

severe heart disease (MI, arrhythmia, severe angina)

high blood pressure not controlled with medication,

pregnancy or breastfeeding,

under 18 years old,

active peptic ulcer disease

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What is not FDA approved for smoking cessation?

E-cigarettes

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What is true of e-cigarettes?

There is no long-term safety data; other methods should be reinforced to help quit smoking

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What FDA-approved medications for smoking cessation are classified as NRTs? (nicotine replacement therapies)

nicotine gum, lozenge, patch, nasal spray, oral inhaler

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What are some first-line pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation not classified as NRTs?

Bupropion SR and varenicline

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Why do we want to give NRTs or other medications for smoking cessation?

They reduce physical withdrawal from nicotine,

eliminate the rewarding effects of nicotine,

allow the patient to focus on behavioral/psychological aspects of tobacco cessation

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How long can nicotine withdrawal symptoms last?

From 12 weeks to up to 6 months

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What is the proper chewing technique for nicotine?

Chew slowly → stop chewing at the first sign of peppery taste or tingling sensation → park between cheek and gum, → chew again when the peppery taste or tingle fades

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How should nicotine gum/lozenges be dosed?

  • If first cig. of day is more than 30 mins after waking up: 2 mg gum/lozenge

  • If first cig. of day is within 30 mins after waking up: 4 mg gum/lozenge

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What is the recommended duration of treatment with nicotine gum/lozenges?

12 weeks

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What is the appropriate starting dose of the nicotine patch for someone who smokes 10 cigarettes a day or less?

14 mg * 6 weeks → 7 mg * 2 weeks

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What is the appropriate starting dose of the nicotine patch for someone who smokes more than 10 cigarettes a day?

21 mg * 6 weeks → 14 mg * 2 weeks → 7 mg * 2 weeks

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Which NRTs are available only by prescription?

Nicotine nasal spray and oral inhaler

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What is the max amount of nicotine gum per day?

24 pieces

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What is the max amount of nicotine lozenges per day?

20 pieces

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What is the recommended duration of treatment with nicotine transdermal patches?

8 - 10 weeks

  • 6 → 2 → 2 weeks or

  • 6 → 2 weeks

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What is important to remember about nicotine transdermal patches?

The patch application site should be rotated daily

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How should nicotine nasal spray be dosed?

1 - 2 doses per hour

  • spray into each nostril

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What is the max amount of nicotine nasal spray per day?

40 doses

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How should nicotine oral inhalers be dosed?

6 - 16 cartridges per day

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What is the recommended duration of treatment with nicotine nasal spray?

12 weeks

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What is the recommended duration of treatment with a nicotine oral inhaler?

3 - 6 months

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What is the max dose of bupropion SR?

300 mg/day

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Which smoking cessation medication is contraindicated in patients with a history of seizures?

bupropion

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What kind of adverse effects can you expect with the use of nicotine gum/lozenges?

mouth irritation, hiccups, GI complaints

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What kind of adverse effects can you expect with the use of nicotine transdermal patches?

local skin reactions and sleep disturbances

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What kind of adverse effects can you expect with the use of nicotine nasal spray?

nasal/throat irritation, ocular irritation, sneezing, cough

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What kind of adverse effects can you expect with the use of nicotine oral inhalers?

Mouth/throat irritation, cough, hiccups, GI complaints

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What are some precautions to keep in mind when recommending NRTs?

Recent heart attack (2 weeks),

heart arrhythmias,

angina,

pregnancy/breastfeeding,

being under 18 years old

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What are some precautions to keep in mind when recommending bupropion SR (Zyban)?

medications that lower the seizure threshold,

hepatic impairment,

pregnancy/breastfeeding,

being under 18 years old

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What are some contraindications for Bupropion SR (Zyban)?

Seizure disorders,

concomitant bupropion (Wellbutrin) therapy,

bulimia/anorexia nervosa,

abrupt discontinuation of alcohol/benzos,

use of MAOIs (w/in 2 weeks)

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What are some precautions to keep in mind when recommending varenicline?

Renal impairment,'

pregnancy/breastfeeding,

being under 18 years old,

can cause severe neuropsychiatric symptoms

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How many medications are FDA-approved for smoking cessation?

7

  • bupropion, varenicline, & 5 NRT

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How many NON-PRESCRIPTION medications are FDA-approved for smoking cessation?

Three Gum, lozenges, patch

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What are some causes of reflux disease?

Esophageal dysmotility,

the ineffective barrier between the esophagus and stomach,

stomach abnormalities

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What are some typical symptoms of reflux disease?

heartburn and regurgitation

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How can reflux disease be identified?

If a patient takes acid medication and it relieves their typical reflux symptoms, the symptoms were probably due to acid reflux

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How can reflux disease be diagnosed?

Endoscopy; can see erosive esophagitis or Barrett's esophagus

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What are some non-pharmacologic treatments for heartburn and dyspepsia?

Weight loss,

head of bed elevation,

avoiding meals 2-3 hours before bedtime,

avoiding trigger foods

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What are the different types of pharmacologic treatments for heartburn and dyspepsia?

Antacids/bismuth-containing products,

histamine type 2 receptor antagonists,

proton pump inhibitors

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What is the MOA of antacids?

neutralize stomach acid to form water

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What kind of effect would a magnesium-containing antacid have?

laxative effects

  • Renally-eliminated

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What kind of effect would an aluminum-containing antacid have?

causes constipation

  • avoid in renal failure

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What are some precautions with the use of magnesium-containing antacids?

diarrhea and renal impairment

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What are some precautions with the use of aluminum-containing antacids?

Constipation, and overuse can lead to hypophosphatemia, and should be avoided in renal failure

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What are some precautions with the use of calcium-containing antacids?

Belching,

flatulence,

constipation,

kidney stones,

should be avoided in renally impaired patients

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What are some precautions with the use of sodium bicarbonate?

belching,

flatulence,

fluid overload,

systemic alkalosis,

milk-alkali syndrome

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How can most drug interactions with antacids be avoided?

Separating doses by 2 to 4 hours

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Antacids + antifungals, iron, atazanavir

Antacids + rosuvastatin

Antacids + enteric coated meds

Separate by 2+ hrs

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Antacids + Levothyroxine

Separate by 4 hrs

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Antacids + Amphetamines

AVOID CONCURRENT USE

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Who should Bismuth subsalicylate not be used in?

Children - Reye’s syndrone

Those with salicylate/aspirin allergies,

anyone at risk for bleeding

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What is the MOA of H2RAs?

Blocks the action of histamine on the parietal cells at histamine 2 receptors in the stomach, causing a decrease in acid secretion

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How should H2RAs be used?

30 to 60 minutes before eating or at symptom onset; should not be used more than 2 times a day

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What are some serious adverse effects of the use of H2RAs?

thrombocytopenia

Weak antiandrogenic effect (High dose)

Decreased libido, incompetence, gynecomastia in men

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What is the MOA of PPIs?

Inhibit hydrogen potassium ATPase (proton pump) that are actively secreting acid

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How should PPIs be used?

30 to 60 minutes before a meal (best before breakfast) and self care should be limited to 14 days every 4 months

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What is important to remember about PPI tablets and capsules?

They should not be chewed or crushed

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What are some serious adverse/choronic use effects of the use of PPIs?

Acute interstitial nephritis,

subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus,

traveler's diarrhea,

spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

c. diff

Hypomagnesemia

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What are some exclusions for self-treatment of heartburn and dyspepsia?

Antacids: Children under 2 years

H2RAs: under 12 years

PPIs: under 18 years,

heartburn that continues after 2 weeks of treatment,

unexplained weight loss

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When would an H2RA be indicated over a PPI?

For infrequent, mild to moderate heartburn or dyspepsia

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When would a PPI be indicated over and H2RA?

For treatment of frequent heartburn (more than 2 days a week)

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PPIs + warfarin, theophylline, tacrolimus, mycophenolate

  • PPI inhibit CYP2C19

  • AVOID CONCURRENT USE

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PPIs + Digoxin

  • PPI may increase digoxin absorption

  • CHECK W/ PROSCRIBER

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PPIs + Methorexate

  • Risk of toxicity

  • AVOID CONCURRENT USE W/ HIGH DOSE METHO

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Omeprazole, esomeprazole + clopidogrel

  • CYP enzyme interactions

  • AVOID CONCURRENT USE

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Omeprazole, esomeprazole + Diazepam

  • Inhibit metabolism → increase concentration of target drug

  • AVOID CONCURRENT USE

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PPI’s Generic - Brand

  • Omeprazole - Prilosec

  • Pantoprazole - Protonix

  • Esomeprazole - Nexium

  • Lansoprazole - Prevacid

  • Famotidine - Pepcid

  • Ranitidine - Zantac

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What are the most frequent clinical manifestations of intestinal gas?

eructation, bloating, and flatulence

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What is intestinal gas primarily composed of?

Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and methane

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