XI Biology - Kingdom Plantae Lecture Review

A collection of vocabulary flashcards covering the fundamental concepts, divisions, and classes of Kingdom Plantae as detailed in the lesson notes.

Kingdom Plantae

A kingdom consisting of all multicellular, eukaryotic, and photosynthetic organisms.

Cryptogamae

A sub-kingdom of plants that reproduce sexually by gametes with hidden reproductive structures, without producing flowers or seeds; commonly called 'Non-flowering Plants'.

Phanerogamae

A sub-kingdom of plants that produce flowers and seeds, also known as Spermatophytes or seed plants.

Artificial Classification System

A classification system proposed by Linnaeus based on one or few easily observable characters like habit or floral characteristics.

Natural Classification System

A system proposed by G. Bentham and J. D. Hooker based on natural affinities, considering both external and internal features like ultrastructure, anatomy, embryology, and phytochemistry.

Phylogenetic Classification System

The most recent classification system proposed by Engler and Prantle, based on evolutionary and genetic tendencies and DNA studies.

Numerical Taxonomy

The study of plant diversity based on the quantitative analysis of characters using mathematical formulae and computer programs.

Chemotaxonomy

The study of diversity based on chemical constituents of the cell such as nucleic acids, proteins, and pigments.

Cytotaxonomy

The study of diversity based on cytological information such as chromosome number, structure, and behavior.

Isogamous

A type of sexual reproduction involving the fusion of two gametes that are similar in size, which may be flagellated as in Ulothrix or non-flagellated as in Spirogyra.

Anisogamous

The fusion of two gametes that are dissimilar in size, such as in species of Eudorina.

Oogamous

Sexual reproduction involving the fusion between one large, non-motile female gamete and a smaller, motile male gamete, occurring in Volvox and Fucus.

Chlorophyceae

A class of algae commonly called green algae, characterized by dominance of pigments chlorophyll $a$ and $b$ and storage bodies called pyrenoids.

Pyrenoids

Storage bodies located in the chloroplasts of green algae that contain protein besides starch.

Phaeophyceae

A class of algae commonly known as brown algae or kelps, found primarily in marine habitats and containing chlorophyll $a$, $c$, carotenoids, and fucoxanthin.

Fucoxanthin

A xanthophyll pigment present in Phaeophyceae (brown algae) responsible for its characteristic color.

Rhodophyceae

A class of algae commonly called red algae due to the predominance of the red pigment $r-phycoerythrin$.

Agar

A commercial product obtained from Gelidium and Gracilaria used to grow microbes and in the preparation of ice-creams and jellies.

Bryophyta

Terrestrial plants that require water for fertilization and are known as the amphibian plants of the plant kingdom.

Gemmae

Green, multicellular, asexual buds that develop in gemma cups on the thalli of liverworts and germinate to form new individuals.

Protonema

The first stage of the moss gametophyte, which develops directly from a spore and is a creeping, green, branched, and filamentous stage.

Pteridophyta

The first vascular plants on land, also known as 'Botanical snakes' or 'Reptiles of Plant Kingdom', which include horsetails and ferns.

Prothallus

The inconspicuous, small, multicellular, free-living, and mostly photosynthetic thalloid gametophyte produced by the spores of pteridophytes.

Heterosporous

Plants like Selaginella and Salvinia that produce two different kinds of spores: large (macro) and small (micro) spores.

Gymnospermae

A division of plants where ovules are not enclosed by any ovary wall and remain exposed, resulting in naked seeds.

Mycorrhiza

A fungal association found in the roots of certain gymnosperm genera such as Pinus.

Coralloid roots

Specialized roots found in Cycas that are associated with $N_2$-fixing cyanobacteria.

Siphonogamy

The process in angiosperms where male gametes travel through a pollen tube from the stigma to the ovule.

Double fertilization

A unique event in angiosperms where one male gamete $(n)$ fuses with an egg cell $(n)$ to form an embryo $(2n)$ and another fuses with a secondary nucleus $(2n)$ to form endosperm $(3n)$.

Dicotyledonae

A class of angiosperms characterized by seeds with two cotyledons, tap root systems, reticulate venation, and secondary growth.

Monocotyledonae

A class of angiosperms characterized by seeds with a single cotyledon, fibrous root systems, parallel venation, and the absence of secondary growth due to lack of cambium.