(Don't Know) Organization of the body

anatomy

The study of body structure

physiology

The study of body function

levels of organization

atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

tissue

A group of similar cells that perform the same function and form into a tissue

Name the 4 tissue types.

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

organs

a group of tissues to form an organ

system

group of organs that work together to perform complex body functions and specific system

How to classify epithelial tissues?

Classification is based on the number of cell layers and shape

Function of Epithelial tissue

protection, barrier, secretion, absorption, excretion,

How is connective tissue characterized?

Extracellular matrix containing specialized proteins

Name some examples of connective tissue

cartilage, bone, fat, blood

anatomical position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

directional terms

Terms used to explain where one body structure is in relation to another

anterior

front of the body

posterior

toward the back

ventral

Toward the belly

dorsal

towards the back

proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

distal

away from the point of attachment

superficial

near the surface

deep

away from the surface

prone

lying face down

supine

Lying face up, with palms facing anteriorly

section

to cut

plane

body being divided by an imaginary flat plate

sagittal

divides body into left and right

midsagittal

the plane dividing the body into equal right and left halves

frontal plane

Divides the body into front and back portions.

transverse

Divides body into upper and lower parts

dorsal body cavities

cranial cavity and spinal cavity

ventral body cavities

thoracic, abdominal, pelvic cavity

cranial cavity

brain

Spinal cavity

spinal cord

thoracic cavity

contains heart and lungs

mediastinum cavity

midportion of the thoracic cavity containing the heart, trachea, esophagus, major arteries

pleural cavities

contain the lungs

abdominal cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs

pelvic cavity

Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

abdominopelvic cavity

abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

diaphragm

Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing

abdominopelvic quadrants

right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant

9 abdominopelvic regions

R. hypochondriac — Epigastric — L. hypochondriac;

R. lumbar — Umbilical — L. lumbar;

R. inguinal — Hypogastric — L. inguinal

axial

head, neck, trunk

appendicular

upper and lower limbs

abdominal region

abdomen

antebrachial

forearm

axillary

armpit

brachial

upper arm

buccal

cheek

carpal

wrist

cephalic

head

cervical

neck

cranial

skull

crural

leg

cubital

elbow

cutaneous

pertaining to the skin

digital

fingers or toes

dorsal

back

facial

face

frontal

forehead

nasal

nose

oral

mouth

orbital

eye

zygomatic

cheek bone

femoral

thigh

gluteal

buttock

inguinal

groin

lumbar

lower back

mammary

breast

occipital

back of head

olecranal

back of elbow

palmar

palm of hand

pedal

foot

pelvic

pelvis

perineal

region between the anus and external genitalia

plantar

sole of foot

popliteal

back of knee

supraclavicular

Area above clavicle

tarsal

ankle

temporal

Side of skull

thoracic

chest

umbilical

navel, belly button

volar

palm or sole

metabolism

using energy to perform vital functions for growth, movement, reproduction which is required to maintain life

catabolism

complex substance broken down into simpler compounds

Anabolism

simple compounds being manufactured into complex substances (synthesis)

homeostasis

relative constancy of the internal environment

feedback loop

Occurs when an output of matter, energy, or information is fed back into the system as an input and leads to changes in that system.

sensor

A device that responds to a physical stimulus (as heat, light, sound, pressure, magnetism, or a particular motion) and transmits a resulting impulse (as for measurement or operating a control).

control center

processes the signal and sends instructions

effector

an organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus.

negative feedback loop

A feedback loop in which a system responds to a change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring.

positive feedback loop

a feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified and increasing productivity

flexion

Decreases the angle of a joint

extension

increases the angle of a joint

dorsiflexion

flexing the foot with toes pointed upward

plantar flexion

pointing toes with toes pointing downward

abduction

movement away from the midline

adduction

movement toward the midline

medial rotation

rotation toward the midline