MOTOR CONTROL LECTURE 17: CONTROL OF NORMAL MOBILITY & GAIT (EXAM III)

_____ is the ability to independently and safely move oneself from one place to another

Mobility

Rehab goal of treatment is to help patients regain as much _____ mobility as possible

Independent

____:

- progression

- postural control

- adaptation

Locomotion

_____:

- rhythmic patterns of muscle activation in legs, trunk & arms that move the body in desired direction

- ability to initiate and terminate locomotion

Progression

____ ____ is the organization of multiple systems in the body to achieve orientation and stability

Postural control

_____ is aligning body segments to one another and environment to achieve locomotion

Orientation

____ is controlling the COM to moving BOS

Stability

_____ ____ balance control is orientation and stability when walking under constant velocity conditions

Steady state

_____ balance control is recovery stability following unexpected perturbations to COM while walking

Reactive

_____ balance control is activating muscles to counter destabilizing internal forces generated during gait cycle and destabilizing external forces

Anticipatory

_____ is the ability to adapt gait

Locomotion

Human gait has ____ & _____ phases

Stance & swing

_____ starts when the foot strikes the ground

Stance

_____ begins when the foot leaves the ground

Swing

Normal steady state _____:

- bipedal gait

- limbs move in symmetrical alternating motion

Locomotion

____ ____ gait:

- long bouts of constant velocity walking

Steady state

Gait ____ & ____ parameters:

- velocity

- step length

- step frequency (cadence)

- stride length

Temporal & distance

______ of gait is the average horizontal speed of body measured over one or more strides

Velocity

_____ is number of steps per unit of time

Cadence

_____ length is distance from one foot strike to foot strike of other foot

Step

____ length is distance covered from one heel strike to next heel strike by the same foot

Stride

Normal & abnormal gait is described with reference to ____ & ____

Step & stride

_____ of gait cycle are movement of joints and segments of the body through space

Kinematics

____ _____:

- complex series of joint rotations

- provide smooth forward progression of COM and reduce metabolic cost of walking

Step cycle

Muscles in the ____ limb support the body and propel it forward

Stance

Muscle activity in the ____ limb is confined to the beginning & end of swing phase

Swing

_____ phase:

- goal to reposition limb for continued forward progression

- making sure toe clears the ground

Swing

_____ phase:

- goals are stabilizing the limb for weight acceptance and shock absorption and generating propulsive forces for continued motion

Stance

____ ____ ____ keeps the limb from collapsing while weight bearing, allowing for stabilization of the body

Net extensor moment

Adapting gait is the hallmark of ____ ____

Functional mobility

Ability to perform complex ____ ____:

- walking over obstacles

- changing speed & direction

- walking under different terrain conditions

Walking task

______ balance control:

- consider passive & active joint moments produces during balance recovery and response patterns of involved motions

- compensatory automatic postural adjustments integrated into step cycle during recovery from unexpected perturbation to gait

Reactive

____ ____ ____ are responses to potential threats to stability in environment

Visually activated strategies

_____ is used to minimize destabilizing forces arising from our own movements (result of experience)

Prediction

_____ ______:

- obstacle crossing (COM moves more)

- turning strategies (smaller, slower steps, more controlled weight shifts)

- adapting to inclines (fast, short steps going down/ slow, large steps going up)

- adapting to surface conditions

Proactive strategies

Initiation of gait from ____ ____ begins with relaxation of specific postural muscles (Gastroc & soleus)

Quiet stance

____ ____ is reached within 1-3 steps, depending on the magnitude of velocity

Steady state

Control of _____:

- spinal

- decrebrate

- decorticate preparation

Locomotion

The ____ ____ controls basic rhythmic movements underlying locomotion

Nervous system

The ____ is important for skills such as walking over uneven terrain

Cortex

The ____ plays a role in modulation of step cycle

Cerebellum

_____ _____ are important in control of locomotor influences

Descending influences

Basal ganglia, brainstem, and spinal cord pathways contribute to automatic control of movements such as _____ & _____ _____

Locomotion & postural control

_____ _____:

- feedforward modulation of patterns in response to goals of individual and environmental

Higher centers

_____ ____ are critical for feedback and feedforward modulation of locomotor activity

Sensory inputs

There is _____ interaction between CPGs and descending signals

Continuous

___ _____ gait:

- sensory information from limbs contributes to stepping frequency

Steady state

Somatosensory systems ensure normal inter limb ______

Coordination

Somatosensory systems supply cutaneous information role in ____ ___

Postural control

Joint receptors and muscle spindle afferents contribute to onset of _____ phase

Swing

____ ____ ____:

- help determine speed of locomotion

- influence alignment of body with reference to gravity and environment during walking

Visual flow cues

_____ _____:

- online control of legs during obstacle crossing

Periphreal visual

An important part of controlling locomotion is stabilizing the ____

Head

_____ _____ is a mechanism for stabilizing gaze during head movement

Vestibuloocular reflex

_____ ____ requires mental representation of spatial environment

Piloting strategy

Performance of complex cognitive tasks creates a threat for injury during ____

Walking

Reaction times are ____ for sitting and _____ for standing & walking tasks

Fastest; slowed

Deterioration in gait performance in ____ ____ context:

- reduced gait speed

- weaving

- noticing fewer objects in environments

Dual task

Obstacle contact is ____ when attention is divided

Increased

Obstacle crossing requires ____ ____

Attentional resources

Stair climbing has ____ & ____ phases

Stance & swing

Largest percentage of falls in public places occur with ____ ___

Stair walking

____ ____ involves stereotypical reciprocal movements of lower limbs

Stair walking

_____:

- stance phase: weight acceptance, pull up, and forward continuance

- swing phase: foot clearance and foot placement stages

Ascent

____:

- stance phase: weight acceptance, forward continuance, controlled lowering

- swing phase: leg pull through and preparation for foot placement

Descent