Body Fluids and Circulation

Amphibians

________ and reptiles (except crocodiles) have a 3- chambered heart with two atria and a single ventricle, whereas crocodiles, birds, and mammals possess a 4- chambered heart with two atria and two ventricles.

Calcium ions

________ play a very important role in clotting.

Hypertension

________ is the term for blood pressure that is higher than normal (120 /80)

Leucocytes

________ are generally short- lived.

amino acids

Glucose, ________, lipids, etc., are also present in the plasma as they are always in transit in the body.

RBCs

________ are devoid of nuclei in most mammals and are biconcave in shape.

Angina

________ can occur in men and women of any age but it is more common among the middle- aged and elderly.

Annelids

________ and chordates have a closed circulatory system in which the blood pumped by the heart is always circulated through a closed network of blood vessels.

small amounts of minerals

Plasma also contains ________ like Na+, Ca++, Mg++, HCO3-, Cl,- etc.

Platelets

________ also called thrombocytes, are cell fragments produced from megakaryocytes (special cells in the bone marrow)

eosinophils

Neutrophils, ________, and basophils are different types of granulocytes, while lymphocytes and monocytes are agranulocytes.

Erythrocytes

________ or red blood cells (RBC) are the most abundant of all the cells in the blood.

Fibrins

________ are formed by the conversion of inactive fibrinogens in the plasma by the enzyme thrombin.

Lymph

________ is a colorless fluid containing specialized lymphocytes which are responsible for the immune responses of the body.

Blood

________ is a special connective tissue consisting of a fluid matrix, plasma, and formed elements.

symptom of acute chest pain

A(n) ________ appears when no enough oxygen is reaching the heart muscle.

Neutrophils

________ and monocytes (6- 8 percent) are phagocytic cells that destroy foreign organisms entering the body.

pulmonary artery

The valves in the heart allows the flow of blood only in one direction, i.e., from the atria to the ventricles and from the ventricles to the ________ or aorta.

B

Both ________ and T lymphocytes are responsible for the immune responses of the body.

Basophils

________ secrete histamine, serotonin, heparin, etc., and are involved in inflammatory reactions.

QRS complex

The ________ represents the depolarisation of the ventricles, which initiates the ventricular contraction.

Fats

________ are absorbed through lymph in the lacteals present in the intestinal villi.

Adrenal medullary hormones

________ can also increase the cardiac output.

Globulins

________ primarily are involved in the defense mechanisms of the body and the albumins help in osmotic balance.

cardiac cycle

During a(n) ________, each ventricle pumps out approximately 70 mL of blood which is called the stroke volume.

healthy individual

A(n) ________ has 12- 16 gms of hemoglobin in every 100 ml of blood.

inactive form

Factors for coagulation or clotting of blood are also present in the plasma in a(n) ________.

Fibrinogens

________ are needed for clotting or coagulation of blood.

P wave

The ________ represents the electrical excitation (or depolarisation) of the atria, which leads to the contraction of both the atria.

circulatory patterns

The ________ are of two types- open or closed.

Coronary Artery Disease

________, often referred to as atherosclerosis, affects the vessels that supply blood to the heart muscle.

tunica media

The ________ is comparatively thin in the veins the blood pumped by the right ventricle enters the pulmonary artery, whereas the left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta.

inactive substance

Thrombins, in turn, is formed from another ________ present in the plasma called prothrombin.

Blood Vessels

The blood flows strictly by a fixed route through ________- the arteries and veins.

ECG

Each peak in the ________ is identified with a letter from P to T that corresponds to a specific electrical activity of the heart.

lumen of arteries

It is caused by deposits of calcium, fat, cholesterol and fibrous tissues, which makes the ________ narrower.

atrium

The ________ and the ventricle of the same side are also separated by a thick fibrous tissue called the atrioventricular septum.

immune response

ABO grouping is based on the presence or absence of two surface antigens (chemicals that can induce a(n) ________) on the RBCs namely A and B.

systemic circulation

The ________ provides nutrients, O2 and other essential substances to the tissues and takes CO2 and other harmful substances away for elimination.

cardiac output

Therefore, the ________ can be defined as the volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle per minute and averages 5000 mL or 5 litres in a healthy individual.

left atrium

In amphibians and reptiles, the ________ receives oxygenated blood from the gills /lungs /skin and the right atrium gets the deoxygenated blood from other body parts.

Plasma

________ is a straw- colored, viscous fluid constituting nearly 55 percent of the blood.

muscular wall

A thin, ________ called the interatrial septum separates the right and the left atria, whereas a thick- walled, interventricular septum, separates the left and the right ventricles.

stroke volume

The body has the ability to alter the ________ as well as the heart rate and thereby the cardiac output.

muscular chambered heart

All vertebrates possess a(n) ________.

hepatic portal vein

The ________ carries blood from intestine to the liver before it is delivered to the systemic circulation.

bicuspid valves

As the tricuspid and ________ are open, blood from the pulmonary veins and vena cava flows into the left and the right ventricle respectively through the left and right atria.

Normal activities of the heart

________ are regulated intrinsically, i.e., auto regulated by specialised muscles (nodal tissue), hence the heart is called myogenic.

Heart failure

________ means the state of heart when it is not pumping blood effectively enough to meet the needs of the body.

fluid present

The ________ in the lymphatic system is called lymph.

We have two main categories of WBCs

granulocytes and agranulocytes

Lymphocytes (20-25 percent) are of two major types

‘B and ‘T forms

The circulatory patterns are of two types

open or closed

The SAN now generates an action potential which stimulates both the atria to undergo a simultaneous contraction

the atrial systole