Biopsychosocial Concepts Related to Health Care

Medical Model

The old model

Biopsychosocial Model

The new model

Medical Model

Focused on eliminating pathology or resulting impairments.

Medical Model

Goal: Improved function.

Biopsychosocial Mode

biological, psychological, and social variables are key factors in health and illness.

Social-Ecologic Model

Offers a broader view of health issues, focusing on community health.

medical errors

a cause of death that is on the rise

infectious disease

the most common cause of death in the 20th century

chronic diseases.

the most common cause of death in the 21st century

1. Heart disease

2. Cancer

3. Unintentional injuries

Top three most common causes of death in the U.S.

Geographic Pathology

Medical discipline studying geographic disease boundaries.

Geographic, political climates

Impact health and types of health problems

• Poverty

• Access to fresh fruits and vegetables

• Local smoking ordinances

• Available medical treatment

factors affects by geographic and political climates

Parkisin’s disease

Higher cases in the south U.S.

multiple sclerosis

higher cases in the north U.S.

Race

Classification of humans based on physical characteristics.

Ethnicity

Culturally defined differences between ethnic groups in society.

Race as a predisposing factor for diseases is scientifically disproved (true/ false)

true

hypertension

Non-white individuals are 3 times more likely to die from this condition than whites of the same age group.

Tay-Sachs disease.

Jewish people of northeastern European descent have higher susceptibility to this disease

Cystic fibrosis

highest incidence in whites and is rare in Asians.

Sickle cell anemia

primarily affects Blacks, particularly Africans.

Adolescents

Higher drug, alcohol use, and rates of STDs.

Older adults

Assess for modifiable risk factors (e.g., depression, exercise, obesity).

Adolescents, young adults

underserved in medical care; healthy enough to not go to the doctor

Age

reflects accumulated effects of genetic and environmental factors over time.

80

life expectancy in women

75

life expectancy in men

Osteoporosis

encouraging calcium intake early in children prevents this

lung cancer

early education for kids about the effects of tobacco use prevents this and other related diseases

men

have larger brains

women

have more brain cells

women

Higher STD/HIV risk during initial exposure

women

more likely to develop lung cancer from smoking

women

1/3 survive 1 year after a heart attack

men

½ survive 1 year after a heart attack

women

80% of those with significant bone loss

women

higher blood alcohol levels when consuming same amount as other

women

Faster recovery from anesthesia

men

die 5 years younger than other

men

develop heart disease 10 years earlier

men

twice as likely to die from unintentional injury

men

Less likely to seek care

men

doesn’t express pain as readily

Men and women have similar responses to exercise (true/false)

false

Lifestyle

Major contributor to leading causes of death

Lifestyle

plays a crucial role in health outcomes.

Pre-1946 generations

generally passive toward health care.

Post-1946 generations

more questioning of healthcare practices and alternative medicine preference.

higher income

correlates with better health and longer life (3 years).

3

Lowest income families report chronic disease limitations __ times more than high-income families due to access to medical care.

Environmental Medicine

Studies illnesses caused by environmental factors.

Environmental Medicine

Focus on interactions of humans with their environment, emphasizing the effects of chemical and physical hazards.

Occupational Medicine

Health of workers as they interact with their work environment.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health)

conducts studies for safety standards but cannot enforce regulations.

OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)

adopts and enforces proposed standards.

latex

significant increase in this allergy is impacting occupational saftey

anaphylaxis

a severe symptom for latex allergy

dermal, inhalation

exposure routes for latex allergy

Substance abusex

posies isks for illness, disease, and injury.

Substance abuse

 leads to addiction behaviors

prostitution, theft, violet crime

addiction behaviors

alcohol

most common drug useage

binge drinking

high prevalance on collage campuses

alcohol

linked to this many cases of known domestic violence and SA

total body water, lean body mass

a decrease in this makes drinking alcohol dangerous for elderly

blood alcohol concentration

having a higher amount of this than young poeple makes drinking alcohol dangerous for elderly

Anorexia Nervosa

Fear of gaining weight despite being underweight

adolescents

Anorexia Nervosa is common in this age group

Bulimia Nervosa

Binge eating + purging

Exogenous

obesity from overeating

Endogenous

obesity from metabolic issues

Environmental Medicine

Study of how environment affects health

• Lead

• Mercury

• Arsenic

hazardous heavy metals include

Ergonomics

Study of human interaction with environment

latex allergy

can be caused by repeated exposure

dermatitis

a mild symptom of latex allergy