EXAM 2 Human Sexual Development

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 1 person
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/99

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

100 Terms

1
New cards
Latin: “tail”: Organ for both sexual intercourse and urination.

* Average length 2.5-4 in. (flacid) and 6- even 13 in. erect.
Penis
2
New cards
Base of penis, anchored to pelvic bones by crura.
Root
3
New cards
Body of the penis.
Shaft
4
New cards
“crown”: Sensitive ridge between glans and shaft.
Corona
5
New cards
Extremely sensitive tissue on underside of penis connects glans and shaft.
Frenulum
6
New cards
Heavily innervated tip of penis.
Glans
7
New cards
Passage for semen and urine.

* Meatus: Urethral opening
Urethra
8
New cards
Two columns of spongy erectile tissue along the top of the penis.
Corpora cavernosa
9
New cards
Spongy tissue surrounding the urethra running underneath the penis.
Corpus spongiosum
10
New cards
Nerve fibers swell the arteries of the penis, allowing blood to rush into the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum.

* Is a reflex that can occur without tactile stimulation, as in spinal injuries or during sleep.
Errection
11
New cards
Layer of skin that forms a sheath over the shaft and glans.

(Foreskin)
Prepuce
12
New cards
Cutting and removal of the prepuce.
Circumcision
13
New cards
Glands under the foreskin- produce smegma.
Tyson’s glands
14
New cards
Pouch of loose skin that holds testes.
Scrotum
15
New cards
Raises and lowers testes in response to temperature changes and arousal- maintains optimal spermatogenesis.
Cremaster muscle
16
New cards
Manufacture sperm and steroid hormones.
Testes
17
New cards
Produce testosterone.
Leydig cells
18
New cards
Sperm-producing tubes winding through the testes.
Seminiferous tubules
19
New cards
Sperm production.
Spermatogenesis
20
New cards
Develops in the cells lining the outer wall of the seminiferous tubules and move toward the center
Spermatogonium
21
New cards
* During the 8th and 9th month the testicles descend into the scrotum through the inguinal canal.
*  occurs if the testicles do not descend.
* Due to higher temperature of the abdomen, sperm production cannot take place, and the infertility results if testes are not moved during childhood. 
* Testicles that remain in the abdomen are at an increased risk of developing cancer.
*  in infants can be treated with surgery.
Cryptorchidism
22
New cards
* Twisting of a testicle’s spermatic cord- typically results from abnormal development of the spermatic cord or membrane covering the testicle.
*  Most common from puberty to age 25, but can happen at any age after exercise, intercourse, or sleeping.
Testicular Torsion
23
New cards
* Severe pain and swelling, abdominal pain, tenderness and aching may also occur.
* A physician must diagnose and untwist the cord with 24 hours to prevent the loss of the testicle.
Symptoms of Cryptorchidism
24
New cards
* Painful and persistent erection that is **not** associated with sexual desire/excitement.
* Due to blood becoming trapped in the penis erectile tissue.
* Drug use (cocaine, marijuana, or anticoagulants) is most common cause, although in many cases the cause is unknown.
* Erectile dysfunction drugs taken recreationally.
Priapism
25
New cards
* **Draining blood from the penis w a syringe.**
* **Surgery may be necessary in some cases.**
* **Sexual functioning may be affected if effective treatment does not occur.** 
Treatment for Priapism
26
New cards
*  **Abnormal calcifications in the penis which may cause painful curvature which may make intercourse difficult or impossible.** 
* Crystal deposits in the connective tissue, trauma, high calcium levels, or calcification may contribute to the disease.
Peyronie’s Disease
27
New cards
* It typically lasts 2 years and may disappear suddenly
* Can be treated with medication or surgery
Treatment for Peyronie’s Disease
28
New cards
* Causes a scrotal mass (or a cyst) due to excessive fluid accumulation within tissue surrounding testicle.
* It may be due to the overproduction of fluid or poor reabsorption of fluid and may lead to pain and swelling.
Hydrocele
29
New cards
Removing the fluid
Treatment for Hydrocele
30
New cards
* A dime size area in the lower third of the front part of the vagina.
* Stimulation of this leads to pleasant sensation and arousal for **some** women and can result in orgasms possibly accompanied by the forceful expulsion of fluid, leading to the term “female ejaculation”
Grafenberg Spot (G-spot) and Female Ejaculation
31
New cards
* Lasts from 3-5 years and begins around 8yrs, but varies with race and weight (critical fat hypothesis). With puberty, the pituitary gland begins to secrete the hormones FSH and LH which stimulate the ovaries to produce estrogen.
* Estrogen leads to the development of various characteristics such as breast and pubic hair growth.
Female Puberty
32
New cards
* Around the age of 11 or 12 girls begin to ovulate, and some women feel a slight pain or sensation
**Mittelschmerz**
33
New cards
*  lasts about 28 days, when the uterine lining builds up to prepare for a possible pregnancy. 
**The menstrual cycle**
34
New cards
Four (Five) Phases of the Menstrual Cycle
* **Menstruation**
* **Preovulatory phase**
* **Ovulatory phase**
* **Premenstrual/Luteal phase**
* Menstrual phase
35
New cards
* days 1-6, 7.
* (Latin *mensis*: “month”): the shedding of the endometrium and unfertilized ova.
Menstruation
36
New cards
* days 7-13.
* The hypothalamus releases **gonadotropin-releasing hormone** to the ovaries to release **follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)** which stimulates egg maturation and **estrogen** production.
Proliferative/Follicular/Preovulatory Phase
37
New cards
* days 14-17.
* **Estrogen** binds to receptors in the hypothalamus which over time **stops the production of FSH** and begins the production of **luteinizing hormone (LH)** which causes the mature ovum to burst out of its follicle **(ovulation)**.
Ovulatory phase
38
New cards
changes- becomes more alkaline and more liquidized, which assists in sperm transport.
Cervical Mucus
39
New cards
* Ovulation does not occur in every menstrual cycle.
* Occur **once or twice a year** in women 20-30 years old and are more common in women who have just begun to menstruate or are nearing menopause. 
Anovulatory cycles
40
New cards
* **days 18-28.**
* **After releasing the egg, the follicle turns into a** __**corpus luteum**__**, which then manufactures progesterone and estrogen in case of pregnancy.**
* **If pregnancy occurs: the placenta develops and levels of progesterone and estrogen increase.**
* **If not: Progesterone and estrogen levels are maintained until ovum goes unfertilized, then plunge with the degeneration of the corpus luteum.**
Premenstrual/Luteal phase
41
New cards
*  low levels of progesterone and estrogen lead to endometrial shedding.
* This is about 2 ounces (4 tablespoons). The decline in estrogen causes an increase of FSH and the whole cycle begins again.
**Menstrual phase**
42
New cards
When the endometrium grows in places other than the uterus- ovaries, fallopian tubes, rectum, bladder, vagina, vulva, etc.
Endometriosis
43
New cards
* **painful periods that last unusually long times are the most common.**
* **This can lead to sterility if untreated. Surgery may be necessary.** 
Symptoms of Endometriosis
44
New cards
* caused by staphylococcus bacterial growth in the vagina.
* Linked to tampon use.
Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)
45
New cards
* **high fever, vomiting, and diarrhea.**
* **10% death rate.**
* **Tampons should be changed often and used for shorter periods.** 
Symptoms of Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)
46
New cards
* Window when eggs are being matured
* LH triggers the egg to come down (ovulation)
Days 7-13
47
New cards
Estrogen
Hormone that triggers the shut down of FSH
48
New cards
* **idea that there are only 2 genders (M/F).**
* **The concept of a binary is based on statistical normality- the** ***majority of*** **a species- but not the** ***entirety*** **of a species.**
Gender binary
49
New cards
* **culturally defined behaviors seen as appropriate for males and females**
Gender roles
50
New cards
biologically determined gender-specific behaviors
**Gender traits**
51
New cards
*  **one’s private sense of gender (e.g., M/F).**
Gender Identity
52
New cards
* Sandra Bem (1981; 1983; 1987)
* organize our thinking about gender as determined by culture.
* becomes so ingrained that people do not even realize they are created by stereotypes. 
**Gender Schema Theory: Our Cultural Maps**
53
New cards
* **people who identify or express themselves within the gender roles of the society, or “sex & gender match”.** 
Cisgender
54
New cards
* people who **identify or express** themselves outside or separately from their biological sex- **supposed to be generally applied to individuals whose appearance and behaviors do not conform to gender roles in that society**.
Transgender
55
New cards
* Gender identity is inconsistent with his/her biological sex: can create gender dysphoria/ Gender Identity disorder.
* Onset of trans identity when gender identity develops in early childhood.
* This has existed for centuries and some socities consider this a third gender. 
Transsexuals
56
New cards
* the gender or genders that a person is attracted to emotionally, physically, sexually, and romantically.
* **not** defined solely by sexual behavior
* does **not** imply gender identity
Sexual orientation
57
New cards
\
* **7-point scale ranging from exclusively heterosexual behavior (0) to exclusively homosexual behavior (6).**
* **First to suggest that people engaged in complex sexual behaviors and not just “homosexual” and “heterosexual”.**
* Males: 2-4% to over 10%
*  Females: 1-3%. Bisexuals: 3%.
* Percentages remain constant regardless of cultural acceptance. However, methods of measurement change
The Kinsey Continuum
58
New cards
*  **homosexuality,**
* **men,**
* **a single biological basis,**
* **and confuses ___________ and gender**
Research on orientation has historically focused on:
59
New cards
* **Males: Orientation may be genetically linked (twins).**
* **Hamer found homosexual males had more homosexual relatives on the mother’s side, and ‘identified a “gay” gene’ (no).** 
Genetics
60
New cards
* Males: homosexual men had **lower** levels of androgens than heterosexuals during sexual brain differentiation.
* Others found **higher** levels of androgens (digit ratio studies). Some have **not** found a relationship.
Hormones, Prenatal Factors
61
New cards
* Blanchard and Bogaert: Males: Fraternal ___ ___ contributes to a homosexual orientation: placental cells in the uterus influence later pregnancies-
* children born later could develop an immune response that influences gene expression.
Birth Order
62
New cards
* **LeVay, 1991. Males: differences in the hypothalamus between gay men and heterosexual men.** 
Physiology
63
New cards
* 493,001 participants from US, UK, and Sweden. Examined entire genome- 5 autosomal genes were associated with same-sex behavior.
* All tested genetic variants accounted for **8 to 25% of the variation** in same-sex sexual behavior.
* Genetic effects that differentiate heterosexual from same-sex sexual behavior are not the same as those that differ among nonheterosexuals in terms of number of partners, which suggests that there is no single continuum from opposite-sex to same-sex preference.
Ganna, et al, 2019
64
New cards
Asian Countries
* **Buddhism does not condemn homosexuality so Buddhist countries generally accept it.** 
65
New cards
Latin American Countries
* **A man is not considered a homosexual if he takes the active, insertive role. Sexual orientation is conflated with gender roles**
66
New cards
* Believed that mother’s milk must be replaced with man’s milk (semen) for a boy to reach puberty.
* At 7yrs, boys begin oral sex with older men to ingest semen
* After puberty, the boy switches to the receiving role until 19, when he engages in primarily heterosexual relations.
* What is considered homosexual behavior in other cultures is not ‘homosexual’ here.
Sambia (Papa New Guinea)
67
New cards
* Lesbianism was rarely explicitly illegal in most ancient societies
* Homosexuality was not treated with concern/interest by either early Jews or Christians.
* Homosexual activity was common- homosexual prostitution was taxed by the state.
The Ancient World
68
New cards
* Homosexual relations were not forbidden despite many sexual codes based on Church teachings.
* But by 1300, homosexuality was punishable by death in Europe, influencing the Western view of homosexuality for 700 yrs.
The Middle Ages
69
New cards
* Homosexuals were imprisoned and murdered
* Western, predominantly Christian, societies have often existed without hostility to homosexuality
Nazi Germany
70
New cards
* Arousal and orgasm is physiologically no different.
* Gay and Lesbian couples were less “goal oriented” than heterosexual couples.
Masters & Johnson (1979)
71
New cards
Gay/lesbian couples have dominant and submissive partners.
Myth about Gay and Lesbian Sexual Response
72
New cards
Relationships are actually characterized by greater role flexibility and partner equality and lower levels of jealousy.
Truth about Gay and Lesbian Sexual Response
73
New cards
the Vulva
External Female Sex Organ
74
New cards
*  fatty tissue cushioning pubic bone, covered in pubic hair
Mons veneris/pubis
75
New cards
* only known organ that functions solely for sexual pleasure.
* Varies in size.
* It is richly supplied with blood vessels and a higher concentration of nerve fibers than anywhere else on the body.
Clitoris
76
New cards
* erectile tissue (corpora cavernosa) that fills with blood during arousal.
Clitoral Shaft
77
New cards
* hood covering clitoris.
Prepuce
78
New cards
*  smooth round tip of clitoral shaft. 8.000 nerve endings.
Glans
79
New cards
In some cultures, the clitoris and possibly other sexual organs are removed during circumcision.
Clitorectomy or infibulation
80
New cards
* outer, larger folds of skin that shield the labia minora
Labia majora
81
New cards
*  inner folds that are thinner and hairless.
* Cover the urethral and vaginal openings.
* Differ considerably in appearance in different women.
* They contain oil glands and join at the clitoris to form the prepuce or "hood" of the clitoris.
Labia Minora
82
New cards
* region between the labia minora,
* containing the opening of the urethra and the vagina and the ducts of the Bartholin's glands
Vestibule
83
New cards
* vaginal opening, just below urethral opening.
Introitus
84
New cards
* fold of tissue across the vaginal opening, usually present at birth and usually removed during Ist coitus.
* The hymen can take many forms and vary by individual.
Hymen
85
New cards
Why is the hymen not proof of virginity
* because:
* May be born without one.
* Can be torn during exercise.
* May be flexible enough to withstand coitus.
86
New cards
* highly sensitive skin between the vaginal opening and the anus.
Perineum
87
New cards
* wing-shaped structures, containing corpora cavernosa, which attach clitoris to pubic bone
Crura/Crus
88
New cards
* cavernous structures that line the sides of the introitus and swell with blood during arousal
Vestibular bulbs
89
New cards
* 3-5 inch-long muscular canal connecting the uterus to the introitus- extremely elastic.
Vagina
90
New cards
* The cells of this layer- the vaginal epithelium- change structure across the menstrual cycle.
* Middle wall is muscular.
* Deepest layer is fibrous and connects vagina to pelvis.
* The first third of the vagina has numerous nerve endings, while the inner two-thirds have none or very few for most women.
Vaginal mucosa-inner layer of the 3 layers of the vaginal wall.
91
New cards
* entrance at lower end of the uterus 
Cervix
92
New cards
*  the opening of the cervix- the diameter of a straw.
Os
93
New cards
* womb, where fertilized ova implant and develop. Roughly the size of a fist (varies with cycle, births).
Uterus
94
New cards
* inner lining of the 3 layers of the uterus- connected to glands and blood supply-removed from body during menstruation, growth is triggered by hormones.
Endometrium
95
New cards
*  highly muscular middle layer
Myometrium
96
New cards
* outer layer
Permetrium
97
New cards
* upper end of the uterus.
Fundus
98
New cards
* passages for ova from the ovaries to the uterus- lined with cilia for transport of the egg. Very thin.
Fallopian Tubes
99
New cards
* open-ended fingerlike projections which ova enter
Flimbriae
100
New cards
* produce ova and the sex hormones- testosterone, estrogen & progesterone.
* Testosterone is quickly converted to estrogen. Follicle stimulation hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LI) are released by the pituitary gland during each menstrual cycle, causing about 20 follicles in one ovary to begin maturing, but typically only one follicle bursts, releasing an ovum.
Ovaries