unit 11 - bioenergetics

bioenergetics is what kind of study

quantitative

bioenergetics definition

energy that is used when substates are transformed into products in biochemical reactions

biochemical reactions - mean?

catalysed by enzymes

the energy transferred from substrate to products is controlled by (2)

• enthalpy

• entropy

Enthalpy (H) measures what

stability

Entropy (S) measures what

organisation (of bonds)

Enthalpy - what letter and what letter when it is balanced

• H

• triangle(delta) H (balance)

Entropy - what letter and when it is balance

• S

• triangle(delta) S (balance)

Enthalpy - depends on the valve of 2 types of reactions

• exothermic

• endothermic

Enthalpy, exothermic - what is the reaction

NEGATIVE

delta H-

Enthalpy, endothermic - what is the reaction

POSITIVE

delta H+

Entropy, what result can entropy have

positive or negative

entropy

if the result is positive or negative is it called something different or still called entropy

still called entropy (not classified into 2 types) (single reaction)

what is Gibbs free energy

expresses the amount of energy capable of doing work during a reaction at constant temperature and pressure

what is the Gibbs free energy equation

(delta G) = (delta H) - (T) x (delta S)

the result of the Gibbs free energy equation gives how many different types of results

3

what are the 3 results from Gibbs free energy equation

delta G = 0

delta G = greater than 0

delta G = less than 0

Gibbs free energy equation

delta G = 0 means what

• not frequent

• reaction is at equilibrium

Gibbs free energy equation

delta G = > 0 means what

• positive reaction

• frequent

Gibbs free energy equation

delta G = < 0 means

• negative reaction

• frequent

when Delta G is positive the reaction is called what

Endergonic

when Delta G is negative the reaction is called what

Exogonic

are exothermic, endothermic and Exogonic and Endergonic the same

no

exogonic and endogonic are related to Gibbs free energy

exothermic and endothermic are related to Enthalpy

endergonic (+) means what

process consumes energy especially ATP

is endergonic (+) spontaneous

NON-SPONTANEOUS PROCESS

exogonic (-) means what

process/reaction that produces energy

exogonic (-) is it spontaneous + what does that mean

yes

it is easy for us to perform

spontaneous

exogonic vs endogonic

endogonic (+) = non-spontaneous

exogonic (-) = spontaneous

which reactions is better for are metabolic processes

exogonic reactions

are all are metabolic reactions exogonic

no

what do we need to do if some of are metaobic reactions are endergonic

we need to transform endergonic reactions into exogonic reactions

we need to transform endergonic reactions into exogonic reactions - HOW?

energy coupling

we want to form sucrose, what is the Gibbs free energy, spontaneous or not and why

+27 is greater than 0 so it is endergonic reaction and Non-spontaneous

what do we need to do because it is endergonic

transform it via energy coupling into an exergoinc reaction

what is this second reaction called

hydrolysis

what happens when ATP is hydrolysed

• phosphate group is released

• releases -30kj/mol

what is the maths

+27 - 30 = -3

now the reaction is what

exogonic = spontaneous

the hydrolysis of ATP always releases about

-30kj/mol

explanation for option A

the result is already - (exogonic + spontaneous) so no need for hydrolysis of ATP

explanation of option B

+16 - 31 = -15

making it an exogonic and spontaneous reaction

explanation for C

+43 -31 = 12

its still endogonic

the hydrolysis of 1 mole of ATP is not enough

for option C what would need to happen to make the reaction Exogonic and spontaneous

a double-dephosphorylation

what is the flow diagram for a double dephosphorylation and how much energy does it release

ATP→ ADP → AMP = -60kj/mol

what are the energy rich compounds (4)

• ATP

• GTP

• CTP

• UTP

what is the relevance of these 4 energy rich compounds

they mediate the coupling of the endergonic and exergonic reactions

how do

• ATP

• GTP

• CTP

• UTP

release energy ?

through hydrolysis(+water) and group transfer

• ATP

• GTP

• CTP

• UTP

they transfer energy in a …..

single reaction

(ATP + H20 = ADP + Pi)

• ATP

• GTP

• CTP

• UTP

they release how much energy per mol

-30kj/mol

structure of ATP

atp is composed of 3 things - what are they

• nitrogen base = ADENINE

• sugar = RIBOSE

• 3 x phosphate

what happens if we have

nitrogen base = adenine

sugar = ribose

2 X PHOSPHATE

ADP

what happens if we have

nitrogen base = adenine

sugar = ribose

1 X PHOSPHATE

AMP

whats the difference between

• ATP

• GTP

• CTP

• UTP

the nitrogen base

ATP = ADENINE

GTP =

GUANINE

ATP = ADENINE

CTP =

CYTOSINE

ATP = ADENINE

UTP =

URACIL

this is ATP, if we break 1 of the enery rich bonds how much energy is relased

-30

if we break both of the energy rich bonds = hydrolyse the whole ATP molecule we get

-60

ATP double phosphorylation reasles -60 and what is it

AMP

from

• ATP

• GTP

• CTP

• UTP

what are the most frequent energetic molecules

atp

gtp

CTP is used in a process called

Glycosylation

what is Glycosylation process

the addition of carbohydrates to proteins = makes Glycoproteins

UTP is a compound used in the ..

synthesis of glycogen

phosphocreatine system , located where

in muscles

phosphocreatine system is the fastest way to

produce a single ATP

what is phosphocreatine made from

creatine bound to a phosphate

what happens if we split phosphocreatine into

• phosphate

• creatine

and we combine this phosphate with what ….

ADP

what happens if we split phosphocreatine into

• phosphate

• creatine

and we combine this phosphate with ADP ?

we get ATP

how many reactions in the phosphocreatine system to get ATP (and what are they)

2

• 1 = splitting of phosphocreatine

• 1 = ADP + Pi

the processes of producing 1 ATP from phosphocreatine is catalysed by ….

creatine-kinase

so the first process to produce energy in muscles is

• phosphocreatine system

• what is the second one ?

glycolysis and kerb cycle

what are we using in glycolysis and kreb cycle to make ATP

carbohydrates

what is the process of getting ATP from Lipids

Beta oxidation

we can combine beta oxidation of fatty acids with what

kreb cycle

• in carbohydrates we have ……?

• in lipid we have ……? ……

1. glycolysis + kreb cycle

2. beta oxidation + kreb cycle

we change the biomolecule that we use

in glycolysis we use ….1…..

in beta oxidation we use ……2…

1. glucose

2. fatty acids

electron transporters

NAD+ , FAD and FMN are what type of enzymes

Catabolic Coenzymes

electron transporters

NADP+ is what type of enzyme

Anabolic enzyme

summary - read

done

electron transport summary - read

done

metabolism is what

the chemical changes in living cells by which energy is provided for vital processes and activities and new material is assimilated

metabolism are reactions that happened where

• cytoplasm

• different organelles in the cells

metabolic reactions can be split into 2 types

• catabolic reactions

• anabolic reactions

catabolism means

degradation

(set of reactions by which the cell degrades nutrients)

catabolism is the same as degradation which is the

production of energy (ATP)

anabolism is the same as

synthesis (makes new compounds)

(set of reactions by which the cell synthesis its biomolecules)

anabolism does what with energy (ATP)

consumes energy

catabolism vs anabolism - energy

catabolism - produces energy

anabolism - consumes energy

catabolism step 1

starch is degraded into glucose

catabolism step 2

glucose is degraded into Acetyl-CoA

Step 3 catabolism

when Acetyl-CoA is in high enough levels it is transformed in the Kreb cycle

fill out the blanks

….1…. → ….2….. → …..3….→ high levels reached —→ …..4…. → = …. 5

1. starch

2. glucose

3. Acetly-CoA

4. kreb cycle

5. ATP

catabolism - read

done

step 1 of anabolism

lactate is transformed into glucose

(energy is consumed)

step 2 of anabolism

glucose is stored as glycogen

glycogen can be stored where

• muscle cells

• liver cells

role of glycogen in muscle cells

produce ATP

role of glycogen in liver cells

maintain level of glucose in the blood

….1….. —energy consumed→ ….2… ——stored→…3… in …..4a+B..

1. lactate

2. glucose

3. glycogen

4. muscle cells and liver cells

anabolism - read

done