non specific external
non specific internal
specific immune response
what are the three basic lines of defense against disease?
First line of defense
non specific external; prevents microbes from entering the body, skin, mucous membranes, tears
second line of defense
non specific internal; microbes breach non specific external barriers, broad internal responses to microbe infection, PHAGOCYTIC WHITE BLOOD CELLS, INFLAMMATION, FEVER, HYDROCHLORIC ACID IN STOMACH, BLOOD CLOTTING
third line of defense
specific immune response; immune cells selectively destroy specific invading microbes and toxins, invaders are “remembered” allowing for a rapid future response to invasion
antibacterial enzymes; ex: lysosomes
what does mucus contain?
in the interstitial fluid
where do macrophages wander?
elevates body temperature, increase cell activity, provides stress to invader
what do fevers do?
1st step of inflammatory response
tissue damage carries bacteria into wound
2nd step of inflammatory response
wounded cells release chemicals that stimulate mast cells
3rd step of inflammatory response
mast cells release histamine
4th step of inflammatory response
histamine increases capillary blood flow and permeability
5th step of inflammatory response
phagocytes leave capillaries and ingest bacteria and dead cells
increases blood flow (heat)
what does widening the capillary do?
fluid ( containing WBCs) release into tissues
what does increased permeability of the capillary do?
a white blood cell
what is a leukocyte?
phagocytes
a type of cell within the body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles.
Lymphocytes
A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the immune system. They are responsible for recognizing and attacking foreign substances such as viruses, bacteria, and cancer cells. There are two main types of lymphocytes: B cells and T cells.
phagocytes and lymphocytes
what are the two types of white blood cells?
antigen
anything the body recognizes as foreign
antibody
globular glycoproteins (y-shaped) that act against specific antigens
made of 2 heavy chains and 2 light peptide chains
both chains have constant and variable regions
each type is unique to the B cell that makes them
connected by a “hinge region” - disulfide bond
surface antigens
what establishes your body to distinguish between “self” and “non-self”
neutrophils and macrophages
what do phagocytes consist of?
bone marrow
where are phagocytes stores/produced?
neutrophils
60% of WBCs in blood are Neutrophils
short lived
released in large #s during infections
macrophages
larger than neutrophils
in lungs, liver, kidney, and lymph nodes
travel in blood as monocytes but develop into macrophages when settle in organs
remove foreign matter
long lived
cut up pathogens to present their antigens to lymphocytes
histamine
chemical compound that is released by cells in response to injury, inflammation, or allergic reactions. It causes the dilation of blood vessels and the contraction of smooth muscle, leading to symptoms such as itching, swelling, and increased mucus production.
chemotaxis
the movement of an organism or a cell towards or away from a chemical stimulus. It is a biological process that allows cells to detect and respond to chemical gradients in their environment.
B cells
(bone marrow made cell) secrete antibodies that attack antigens
T cells
(thymus made cell) attack antigens infected with pathogens
thymus
The thymus is a specialized organ of the immune system located in the upper chest behind the sternum. It plays a crucial role in the development and maturation of T cells, which are important for immune defense against infections and cancer.
hinge region
disulfide bridge between heavy chains of a antibody
epitope/antigenic determinants
molecules to which antibodies bind (its part of the antigen)
the specific part of an antigen that is recognized and bound by an antibody or T cell receptor during an immune response. It is usually a small, accessible portion of a larger protein or polysaccharide molecule.
paratope
A paratope is the part of an antibody molecule that binds to an antigen. It is located on the variable region of the antibody's heavy and light chains.
humoral response
clonal selection musters defensive forces against specific antigens
clonal selection
mitosis
attached B cell antibodies bind to invading antigen in the blood
bound B cell divides rapidly (mitosis) forming many identical copies (clonal selection)
B cell clones differentiate to form memory B cells (long lived) and plasma cells (short lived)
clonal selection
a specific antigen selectively binds to and activates only those lymphocytes (B or T cells) that have receptors capable of recognizing the antigen. These activated lymphocytes then undergo clonal expansion, producing a large number of identical cells that can recognize and respond to the antigen. This process is a key mechanism of the adaptive immune response.
memory B cells
saved to fight future infection
plasma cells
mass-produce the specific antibody into the blood
Cell-mediated immunity
HELPER T CELLS
bind to antigens presented by a macrophage that consumed them (APC)
APC displays a foreign antigen and one of the bodies own self proteins to a helper T cell
Antigen presenting cell
what does APC mean?
cytokine
helper T cells produce this to stimulate T cell division and differentiation to form memory T cells and cytotoxic T cells
will also stimulate division of B cells (humoral response) that are bound to an antigen
cytotoxic T cells
bind directly to cancerous or virally-infected cells
release proteins that poke holes in cancer/infected cell membrane, killing the cell (apoptosis)
immunoglobulins
also known as antibodies, are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of foreign substances, such as bacteria or viruses. They recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of these substances, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. IgG
(antibody jobs) neutralizers
combine with viruses to prevent entering or damaging cells
(antibody jobs) attachers
they attach to flagella of bacteria to make them less active so they get phagocytoses
(antibody jobs) agglutination
clumps bacteria to slow down spread
(antibody jobs) hole punchers /complementary
causes cells to lyse
(antibody jobs) coats the surface
of bacteria for easier endocytosis
(antibody jobs) antitoxins
blocks toxins from bacteria (cholera, diphtheria, tetanus
monoclonal antibodies (Mabs)
B cell clones that secrete identical antibodies, can undergo mitosis and produce antibodies, a type of hybridoma
Treatment for the rabies virus
injecting purified antibodies (using MABs)
treatment of breast cancer
Herceptin (trastuzumab) is a MAB used to treat breast caner, it recognizes receptor proteins on the surface of caner cells and bind to them allowing the immune system to identify and destroy them.
overcoming autoimmune response with mabs by
genetically modifying the antibody polypeptide chains so that the amino acid sequences are now human not animal
altering the type and position of the sugar groups (antibodies are glycoproteins) attached to the heavy polypeptide chains to reflect those found on human
Interleukin-1 is a cytokine that plays a key role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. It is involved in the activation of T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells, as well as the production of other cytokines and chemokines. Additionally, interleukin-1 is involved in the regulation of fever and the acute phase response.
what does interleukin-1 do?
Interleukin-2 is a cytokine that plays a key role in the regulation of the immune system. It stimulates the growth and proliferation of T cells, which are important for the body's defense against infections and cancer.
what does interleukin-2 do?
colostrum
thick, yellowish liquid produced from mommy milk for 4-5 days after birth, contains IgA, an antibody for gut health.
hybridoma
a cell resulting from the fusion of a cancerous B-cell with a non-cancerous myeloma cell. It is capable of producing large amounts of a single type of antibody, which can be used for research, diagnosis, and therapy.
trastuzumabm, ipilimumab, inflixmab, rituximab
what are successful MABs drugs?
trastuzumabm/herceptin
great cancer treatment by binding receptor proteins of antigen,