Anatomy II finaly

What is the effect on lymph flow rate through the lymph node caused by the fact that there are fewer efferent relative to afferent lymphatic vessels?

Slower because more afferents than exits(efferents)

Which set of lymphatic vessels carries the lymph away from the node? Afferent or efferent?

efferent

Which lymph duct drains lymph from the right side of the body and

which duct drains lymph from the upper left quadrant of the body?

Which blood vessels do these lymph ducts return the lymph, respectively.

-       Right: Right lymphatic - right subclavian vein

-       Left: thoracic - left internal jugular vein

In what organ do B and T lymphocytes originate and in what organ do they mature?

• B Cells - Bone marrow, Bone marrow

• T cells - Bone marrow, thymus

name 3 types of tonsils and where they are located. For example, palatine tonsils located near the palate.

- palatine tonsils – posterior end of the oral cavity (largest and most often affected)

- lingual tonsil – lumpy collection of follicles at base of tongue

- pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) – posterior wall of nasopharynx

What cytokine do virus-infected cells secrete and what is effect on other cells?

  - interferon

- apoptosis

By what mechanism do natural killer cells (NK) “kill” target cells such as cancer cells?

-apoptosis

Name the 3 types of T cells (for example helper )

- T cells

- regulatory

-cytotoxic

Where and how is the lymph created and identify the lymphatic vessel pathway returning lymph to the blood starting with the lymphatic capillaries

- Once interstitial fluid enters lymphatic capillaries, it becomes lymph

- lymphatic capillaries - collecting vessels - lymphatic trunks - collecting ducts - subclavian veins - Right atrium

How much lymph is created and returned to the blood every 24 hrs.

20L

Name 1) the lymphoid organs and 2) areas of lymphoid tissue that are not organs.

-bone marrow, thymus

• malt, tissues, tonsils

What is the difference between passive and acquired immunity?

Passive-through mother, goes away after amount of time

 • Acquired- vaccine, stays and adapts immune cells

What are the primary functions of the B lymphocyte? Are these cells limited to binding only one antigen on their receptors?

-Produces antibodies

• They are pathogen specific

Describe the main mechanisms involved in inflammation such as swelling

- Increase in fluid caused by immune cells cause inflammation such as swelling

- redness, heat, swelling, pain

What are the functions of the nasal conchae?

Increase surface area of the cavities, provides rapid warming and humidification of air as it passes to lungs

In chronic bronchitis, what causes the dyspnea associated with this condition?

How is mucus affected?

Inability to expirate

Always for air to flow

• Emphysema

What controls the voice pitch and what controls voice loudness?

length and tension of vocal cords

What is the function of type II alveolar cells?

- secrete surfactant

Is normal, quiet expiration of air an active or a passive process?

passive

For what 2 factors related to respiration does Boyle’s law address a relationship?

Pressure and volume

Is a decrease in Oxygen or an increase of carbon dioxide the most powerful driver for breathing in a healthy person?

- carbon dioxide

What is the quantity of oxygen by percentage in plasma? Is it similar to that associated with red blood cells? What molecule in red blood cells carries oxygen and what element within that molecule actually binds to oxygen?

-1-5%

-Hemoglobin

-iron

Define tidal volume in relation to breathing

measures the amount of air that is inspired and expired during a normal breath

What happens to hemoglobin oxygen saturation at high altitudes?

decreases

What is the major means of chyme, urine and ova propulsion in the small intestine, ureter and oviduct respectively?

peristalsis

Are most nutrients absorbed by the intestinal microvilli in an active process or by a passive diffusion process?

Passive diffusion

Which part of the digestive tract is least involved in mechanical food breakdown, digestion or absorption? In other words, functions primarily as a conducting tube

-esophagus

Where is alcohol rapidly absorbed along the alimentary canal?

-stomach

What is emulsification and what agents contributes to it and where are these agents initially produced?

• Bile, in the liver

Why could a ruptured appendix be life-threatening? By what mechanism?

- formation of scar tissue, strangulated organs

• Release bacteria in peritoneum, so could get peritonitis, inflammation and could potentially penetrate some of our organs

Is the absorption of lipids (fat) in the small intestine an active transport or a passive diffusion through the intestinal epithelial cells?

-passive

which stomach cells secrete acid and which cells secrete pepsinogen?

-parietal cells

If the GFR is low, does the rate of tubular reabsorption increase or decrease?

-decrease

What is the structural urine elimination pathway from the kidney hilum to the outside?

- ureter, bladder, urethra

What is the function of mitochondria

and how might this affect active transport processes such as Na K ATPases?

• Energy drivers

During an urinalysis, the technician finds protein in a patients urine sample.

What could cause this?

-   Damage to glomerulus

If cells and proteins are prevented physically from passing through the filtration membrane, what is the osmotic effect on filtration? Is filtration across membrane increased or decreased?

-increased

What are the differences between extrinsic and intrinsic control of the kidneys? Give an example of each.

Extrinsic- involve hormones like renin, in response for low blood pressure for one • Intrinsic- involve regulation of pressure going in and out of globular, local control

What active co-transporter molecules are responsible for glucose and amino acid reabsorption and where in the kidney tubules does this take place?

Sodium-glucose cotransporters, proximal tubule

Establishment of the medullary osmotic gradient (increases from the cortex through the medulla) is dependent on the unique permeability properties of_____________?

Nephron loop

What stimulus causes the kidney to produce renin?

Low blood pressure

.What is the primary force driving filtration from the capillary blood across the filtration membrane in the glomerulus?

Hydrostatic pressure

The two semilunar valves of the heart are:

. The aortic and pulmonary valves

The electrical signal initiating each heartbeat is generated at the:

Sinoatrial node

What is the protective temperature of the testes relative to 37degree C body temperature? What would be the effect if the testes temperature attained body temperature?

- 3* under body temperature

-sperm would die

. Does the number of ovarian follicles containing immature eggs drastically increase  at puberty?

All eggs present at birth

decrease

Does spermatogenesis start at birth in males?

-no, at puberty

What is the primary role of the dartos and cremaster muscles in the male?

Maintain temperature of testicles

By what mechanism does the combination of estrogen and progesterone in birth control pills prevent ovulation?

- Negative feedback

Milk ejection from the mammary glands is stimulated by which posterior pituitary hormone?

oxytocin

What force moves sperm along the vas deferens?

- peristalsis

What changes in estrogen and progesterone blood levels trigger the onset of menstruation?

Both decreased

What hypophyseal hormone controls the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary?

- gonadotropin

Where in the uterine tubes(oviducts) does fertilization take place?

- ampulla

Which of the sexually transmitted diseases is incurable?

- Herpes & Aids

. What natural chemical produced by endothelium is essential for erection of the penis to occur?

nitric oxide

What hormone maintains the viability of the corpus luteum during pregnancy

- HCG

What hormone detected in a urine pregnancy test would indicate a successful implantation and pregnancy?

-HCG

What acrosomal enzyme on cell surface of sperm acts to digest connection between granulosa cells of the oocyte, causing them to separate during fertilization

• hyaluronidase

What triggers the ovum to complete meiosis II?

- when sperm first attaches

- • fertilization

Which is the earlier stage – morula or blastocyst?

marula

What hormone maintains the corpus luteum?

progesterone

. What happens if the levels of estrogen and progesterone fall?

menstruation, pregnancy ends

HCG Blood levels slowly increase from week 2 of pregnancy to birth        T or F ?

false