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Plessy v. Ferguson
An 1896 Supreme Court case that upheld state segregation laws for public facilities under the doctrine of 'separate but equal.'
Shelley v. Kraemer
A 1948 Supreme Court case ruling that courts could not enforce racially restrictive covenants.
1947 Comprehensive Plan
A planning document aimed at expanding Euclidean zoning, suburbanization, highways, and urban renewal post-World War II.
Housing Act of 1949
Legislation aimed at providing affordable housing and urban renewal, leading to the establishment of public housing.
Jones v. Alfred Mayer
A landmark 1968 Supreme Court case affirming that discrimination when selling property is unconstitutional.
McDonnell Douglas Corp v. Green
A 1973 Supreme Court case that established a legal framework for analyzing employment discrimination claims.
Buchanan v. Warley
A 1917 Supreme Court case that struck down racial zoning laws designed to segregate neighborhoods.
Federal Housing Administration (FHA)
A government agency created to stimulate the housing market by providing mortgage insurance and promoting affordable housing.
Home Owner’s Loan Corporation (HOLC)
Established during the Great Depression to refinance homes and implement policies that often led to segregation.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Legislation making it illegal to discriminate based on race, color, or national origin in programs receiving federal assistance.
Fair Housing Act (Civil Rights Act of 1968)
Legislation that prohibits discrimination in the sale and rental of housing based on race and other factors.
Equal Credit Opportunity Act of 1972
A law that ensures all consumers have equal access to credit without discrimination based on race, color, religion, gender, or national origin.
Home Mortgage Act of 1975
Legislation designed to improve home mortgage lending practices and provide greater access to homeownership.
Community Reinvestment Act of 1977
Legislation requiring banks to meet the credit needs of the entire community, thereby addressing discriminatory lending practices.
National Defense Highway Act of 1956
Legislation that funded the construction of a highway system, which contributed to racial segregation and urban decline.
