Psychopathology of Childhood

Anxiety

Psychological distress involving emotional, behavioral, and cognitive reactions to threatening stimuli.

Adaptative and Maladaptive Anxiety

Expected and normal responses in certain situations, with maladaptive anxiety being intense, chronic, and impairing daily activities.

Childhood Anxiety Disorders

Onset and Prevalence:Anxiety disorders typically onset in early to middle childhood, with separation anxiety, selective mutism, specific phobia, and social anxiety being common.

Classification of Anxiety Disorders

Categorization of anxiety disorders like separation anxiety disorder, characterized by distress when separated from a caregiver and clingy behavior.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Involves recurrent obsessions and/or compulsions causing distress or impairing daily functioning, with obsessions being intrusive thoughts and compulsions repetitive behaviors.

Tic Disorders

Sudden, rapid, nonrhythmic behaviors that are involuntary, often comorbid with OCD, and can manifest as simple or complex tics.

Clinical Precursors of Tics

Study examining children without tics at baseline, showing correlations between tic onset and factors like obsessive-compulsive symptoms, ADHD severity, and health-related quality of life.

Gender Differences

OCD is more likely to affect males and may present differently in boys and girls.

Trichotillomania

A disorder characterized by repeated hair pulling leading to hair loss.

Excoriation Disorder

Involves recurrent skin picking resulting in lesions and impairment in functioning.

Cortico-basal-ganglionic circuit

Neural pathway implicated in OCD, involving the orbitofrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus, and caudate.

Thought action fusion

Erroneous belief that thinking about an event increases its likelihood, seen in OCD.

Reactive Attachment Disorder

Inhibited behavior towards caregivers, lack of seeking or responding to comfort, and social-emotional disturbances.

Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder

Pattern of overly familiar behavior with unfamiliar adults, lack of hesitancy, and diminished checking back with caregivers.

Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up (ABC)

Intervention to improve attachment quality between parents and children, focusing on nurturance and synchrony.

Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP)

Study on early deprivation's impact on attachment development in children.

Empirical Studies

Research showing the impact of social inhibition on the development of Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder.

Prevention

Adoption of institutionalized children prior to 6 months to provide stable care.

Intervention

Social disinhibited behavior may persist even after adoption into nurturing homes.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Exposure to traumatic events leading to specific symptoms.

PTSD Symptoms

Intrusion, avoidance, negative mood, and arousal symptoms persisting over a month.

Dissociative Symptoms

Feeling detached from oneself or surroundings, not mandatory for PTSD diagnosis.

PTSD in Children

Different criteria for children under 6, affecting behavior and relationships.

Risk Factors of PTSD

Learning, emotional, and physiological theories contributing to PTSD development.

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)

Severe temper outbursts and pervasive irritability in children.

DMDD Symptoms

Recurrent temper outbursts, irritability, and age of onset before 10 years.

DMDD Differential Diagnosis

Distinguishing DMDD from ADHD, ODD, and Pediatric Bipolar Disorder.

Risk Factors of DMDD

Increased frustration, brain regions, deficits in emotional regulation, and cognitive biases.

DMDD Assessment

Self-report interviews and questionnaires for diagnosis.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Criteria for diagnosing a major depressive episode.

MDD Symptoms

Depressed mood, loss of interest, changes in appetite or sleep, fatigue, guilt, and suicidal thoughts.

Severity

The number of symptoms, distress, and impairment experienced in mental health disorders.

Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)

A type of depression lasting for an extended period, with specific symptoms like poor appetite, low energy, and feelings of hopelessness.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) vs

Differences include the gradual onset and longer duration of PDD compared to the more rapid onset and shorter duration of MDD.

Prevalence of MDD and PDD

Rates of MDD and PDD in different demographics, with variations in lifetime and current occurrences.

Risk Factors of MDD and PDD

Biological factors, stressful life events, negative cognitions, and relationship influences contributing to the development of depressive disorders.

MDD and PDD Intervention

Various therapeutic approaches like Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Interpersonal Therapy, and Pharmacological Intervention for managing and treating depressive disorders.