unit 6 test

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113 Terms

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central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
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peripheral nervous system
nerves
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sensory nerves (afferent)
impulses are sent to the CNS; detect changes inside and outside of the body
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integration
within CNS; processing incoming sensory input
decision making
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motor
impulse sent from CNS to effectors to cause response
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neurons
nerve cells; conduct impulses
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neuroglia
surrounds nerve cells; do not conduct impulses
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parts of a neuron
cell body, dendrites, axon
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cell body
cytoplasm, mitochondria, lysosomes, microtubules, golgi apparatus, nucleus
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nissl bodies
chromatophilic substance that consists mainly of rough er
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dendrites
receive input; highly branched. provide many receptors; can be 1 or more
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axon
transmits input; carries the input away from the cell body; usually one long fiber
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impulses travel
dendrite-> cell body-> axon
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multipolar
1 axon and MANY dendrites
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bipolar
1 axon and 1 dendrite
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unipolar
1 process which splits into 2 branches, the peripheral and central processs
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sensory neurons (afferent)
carry impulses from peripheral body parts to CNS
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interneurons
lie within the CNS and form links with other neurons
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motor neurons (efferent)
carry impulses from CNS to peripheral body parts
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neuroglial cells in PNS
schwann and satellite
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neuroglial cells in CNS
astrocytes; oligodendrocytes; microglia; ependyma
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schwann cell
produce myelin on myelinated neurons
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how do schwann cells wrap around
tightly wrap around fibers, forming a myelin sheath; just neurilemma with no myelin sheath
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satellite cell
clusters of neuron cell bodies called ganglia
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myelinated fiber
fiber that has a myelin sheath; impulse travels faster
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unmyelinated fiber
fiber that does not have a myelin sheath; impulse travels slower
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gray matter
nervous tissue containing lots of cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers
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white matter
nervous tissue containing lots of myelinated fibers
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astrocyte
large star shaped cells between neurons and blood vessels; structural support, communication, and transportation between blood vessels and neurons
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oligodendrocytes
shaped like astrocytes with fewer processes, occur in rows along axons; form myelin sheath in the CNS ( NO neurilemma)
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microglia
small cells with few processes found throughout CNS; structural support and phagocytosis
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ependyma
cuboidal and columnar cells in the brain and spinal cord that line the cavities; help with diffusion
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regeneration in CNS
no regeneration; no endoneurial tube and no neurilemma
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regeneration in PNS
might occur; bc the endoneurium's presence may prevent scar tissue from coming in before the process can regrow
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synapse
junction between axon of one neuron and dendrite or cell body of another neuron
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presynaptic fiber
neuron which sends impulse to synapse; releases neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft
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postsynaptic fiber
neuron which has receptors for the neurotransmitters
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first step in synaptic transmission
Presynaptic knob of axon contains vesicles filled with neurotransmitters.
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second step in synaptic transmission
When impulse reaches knob, Ca++ diffuses into cytoplasm.
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third step in synaptic transmission
Vesicles move to membrane and release neurotransmitters into cleft.
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fourth step in synaptic transmission
Neurotransmitters cross cleft and bind to receptors on postsynaptic membrane of neuron (either dendrite or cell body)
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fifth step in synaptic transmission
If enough neurotransmitters are present, an action potential will occur.
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sixth step in synaptic transmission
Neurotransmitters are either decomposed or they move back into presynaptic knob.
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neuron potential
the concentration of ions on either side of the membrane affects its charge distribution
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changes in potentials
when a stimulus encounters a neuron, it responds by changing its permeability to various ions, which affects the potentional
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hyperpolarized
the resting membrane becomes more negative
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depolarized
the resting membrane becomes more positive
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nerve impulse
if stimulus is strong enough it cause Na gates to open
Na flows into cell, depolarizing membrane
action potential is reached at +30 mV
K+gates open
K+ moves out, repolarizing membrane
hyperpolarizes for brief moment
active transport pumps Na out and K in
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resting potential
The charge distribution when a nerve is at rest.
No impulse being conducted, so membrane is not very permeable to POTASSIUM (K+) and even less permeable to SODIUM (Na+).
Active transport has to be used to pump K+ in and Na+ out.
More negatively charged ions on the inside of the cell so more positive particles are going to move in (attraction):
More Na+ on outside, K+ on inside
Membrane is positive on the outside, negative on the inside
Membrane is said to be polarized
-70mV- is the difference in charges (resting potential)
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action potential
the rapid sequence of Na and K movements
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nerve impulse
chain reaction of action potentials
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all-or-none response
if a neuron responds at all, it responds COMPLETELY or conducts COMPLETELY or not at all
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refractory period
a short time period after a nerve impulse where a stimulus will not conduct the neuron
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saltatory conduction
type of impulse conduction along myelinated fibers
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nerve impulse speed
thick faster than thin
myelinated faster than unmyelinated
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excitatory postsynaptic potential
neurotransmitter triggers Na+ gates to open and membrane is depolarized (more likely reach action potential)
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inhibitory postsynaptic potential
neurotransmitter triggers K+ gates to open and membrane is hyperpolarized (less likely to reach action potential)
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facilitation
if a neuron receives a net excitatory stimulation, but is subthreshold it is more susceptible to an action potential the next time
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monoamines
modifications of amino acids
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epinephrine
boost of energy
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dopamine
feel good hormone
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serotonin
mood stabilizer
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amino acids
unmodified amino acids
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glycine
inhibitory neurons in brain and spinal cord
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gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
inhibitory neurons in brain and spinal cord
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peptides
short chains of amino acids
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substance P
pain perception
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endorphins
reduces pain
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convergence
when a neuron receives impulses from 2 or more other neurons
allows the brain to receive info from different regions of the body and respond in a special way
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divergence
when 1 neuron sends impulses to 2 or more other neurons-results in an amplified response
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sensory fibers
contains only sensory fibers (afferent)
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motor fibers
contains only motor fibers (efferent)
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mixed fibers
contains both sensory and motor fibers
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general somatic efferent fibers
carry impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles
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general visceral efferent fibers
carry impulses from CNS to smooth muscles and glands
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general somatic afferent fibers
carry impulses from skeletal muscles and skin to CNS
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general visceral afferent fibers
carry impulses from smooth muscles and glands to CNS
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reflex arc
simple impulse pathway during a reflex
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receptor
specialized nerve endings stimulated by change
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effector
smooth muscle or gland that responds
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meninges
found beneath the bone and soft tissues of nervous system; brain and skull, spinal cord and vertebral column
protect the brain and spinal cord
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3 layers outer to inner
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
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meningitis
inflammation of the meninges
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spinal cord
31 segments
ends between 1 and 2 lumbar
relays impulses and info between body and CNS
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brain
cerebrum; cerebellum; brainstem
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frontal lobe
intelligent though, planning, sense of consequence and rationalization
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primary motor cortex
controls muscles of the body; right side controls left and vice versa
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brocas area (speech)
muscle actions associated with speech
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parietal lobe
temperature touch and pain sensations
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primary sensory cortex
allows you to feel
coordinates with motor cortex
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wernicke's area
word recognition and expression
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temporal lobe
auditory areas-hearing
olfactory cortex-smelling
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occipital lobe
visual cortex- vision
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visual association cortex
allows us to understand what we are seeing
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corpus callosum
a strip of white matter that connects your cerebrum's hemispheres together
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thalamus
sensory impulses from other parts of the nervous system
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hypothalamus
connects to pituitary, controls pituitary; body's thermostat
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pituitary glad
secretes growth hormone
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mammillary bodies
olfaction and swallowing reflexes
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pineal gland
produces melatonin which helps with sleep