causes of European sea-based empire expansion/various European Maritime empires

flashcards mostly meant for active recall use in retaining info. most answers are in the form of examples, and are not sample answers you would use for a legitimate response (SAQ, DBQ, etc.)

define 4 technological adoptions from Greek, Islamic, and African regions that motivated European exploration?

magnetic compass (navigation tool) , astrolabe (determined longitude and latitude), the lateen sail (could take wind from all sides)

define 3 european innovations in ship building that motivated European exploration

1. portuguese caravel ships, which were small, nimble on the water, and equipped with gunpowder weapons
   2. Portuguese carrack ships, which were much largers, carried cargo, and gunpowder weapons
   3. dutch Fluyt ships allowed for the domination of Indian ocean trade over the Portuguese.

what were the main motivations for European expansion?

Gold (and various Asian spices such as pepper as they became expensive reaching europe through the land-based trade-routes) God (spreading Christianity became especially enticed after the reconquista campaign and the protestant reformation) Glory, and the implementation of economical policies and systems in Europe (such as mercantalism and joint-stock-companies) that highly motivated European Maritime expansion

explain the portugal trading post empire

prince Henry the navigator, 1st attempt at European Maritime expansion, established various trading posts in west Africa first. Vasco de gamma then sails around the tip of Africa, accessing Indian ocean trade and establishing trading posts in southeast Asia. portuguese motivations ventured more into the use of gunpowder weapons to secure complete control over the Indian ocean trade, not through peaceful participation.

explain Spain's Maritime expansion

early colony established in the philipines
king and queen of Spain sponsor Christopher Columbus to sail west in attempt to find another route to the east indies, he arrives in the Caribbean islands
multiple Spanish fleets are sent to America's to conquer and colonize the region. contact with the Americas opened the trans-atlantic trade which proved to be more prosperous than the indian ocean trade

why did other European states (not Portugal and spain) begin to sponsor Maritime exploration?

political and economic rivalry displayed through economic policies such as mercantilism (and G.G.G. motives for exploration)

explain Frances maritime exploration

explored portions of North America (Canada area) establishing trading posts and claims for France, benefiting from their lucrative fur-trade. first colony of Quebec established by Samuel de Champlain in 1608

explain England's maritime exploration

had a booming textile industry and began late in Maritime exploration, nonetheless established a few trading posts around south asia and explored the Americas and established the first Virginia colony in north America

explain Dutch Maritime exploration

emerged as the wealthiest state in Europe after gaining independence of Spain, dethrones the Portuguese in the indian ocean trade, a few colonies are established in the west namely new ampsterdam

how did Spain run their colonies in the americas?

through various forms of coerced labor (forced) taxation, cashcrop and tributary systems.

one example of Asian resistance to European imperial expansion

1. resistance in tokugawa Japan under the authority of tokugawa ieyasu who initially accepted foreign influence for the lucrative economical benefits from trade, but eventually concluded that foreign presence, particularly Christian influence, were threats to the unification of Japan,
   - expelled all Christian missionaries in Japan and suppressed the faith, often resorting to violent means

benefits of European Maritime expansion in African states

1. the Asante empire held key economic advantages through its trading partnership with the portuguese, trading goods such a as gold, ivory, and slaves. enabled them to not only expand their power but defend against later British colonization attempts

2. kingdom of the Kongo also had partnership with Portuguese and traded the same goods. kongo leaders and nobility converted to Christianity to further facilitate their economic relationship, massively enriching themselves in the process.

how were martime empires developed and maintained economically?

economic strategies for empire building such as mercantilism, which emphasized the build of up wealth (minerals such as gold) by maintaining exports in trade. became powerful motivation for establishing growing maritime empires. once a colony was established, it created a closed market for exports.
development of joint-stock companies, which were limited liability businesses often chartered (given rights and privileges) by the state and privately funded by a group of investors, created a mutual interdependence between the state and merchants in which the state used merchants for imperial influence and merchants relied on the state to protect their interests and to grant them various trading monopolies.

give an example of a joint stock company

the Dutch east India company in which the Dutch state granted the company a monopoly on trade in the indian ocean, which they dethroned the Portuguese and enriched the companies investors, allowing the dutch imperial state to expand Its influence.
- caused significant rivalry, resulting in wars such as the anglo-Dutch war.
states such a as Spain and Portugal funded their imperial expansion from the state, as their influence and authority began to wane.