Structure and Function of Macromolecules and Cell Biology

Flashcards testing core concepts, biochemical structures, cellular organelles, and membrane transport processes from the lecture notes.

The synthesis of polymers occurs through a __________ reaction.

dehydration

The breakdown of polymers into individual monomers occurs through __________.

hydrolysis

Monosaccharides are the monomer building blocks of __________.

carbohydrates

As shown in Figure 5.3, 5-carbon sugars such as Ribose are classified as __________.

pentoses

Glyceraldehyde is an example of a 3-carbon sugar, which is called a __________.

triose

Glucose, fructose, and galactose are 6-carbon sugars categorized as __________.

hexoses

In an aqueous solution, glucose rings exist in two forms depending on the position of the hydroxyl group attached to carbon number __________.

1

In $\text{α-glucose}$, the hydroxyl groups on C1 and C2 are located on the __________ side of the ring.

same

In $\text{β-glucose}$, the hydroxyl groups on C1 and C2 are located on __________ sides of the ring.

opposite

Two monosaccharides are joined by a covalent bond called a __________ linkage.

glycosidic

Maltose is a disaccharide formed by joining glucose and __________.

glucose

Lactose is a disaccharide composed of glucose and __________.

galactose

Sucrose is a disaccharide composed of glucose and __________.

fructose

Plants store surplus energy in the form of the polysaccharide __________.

starch

Glycogen is a highly branched energy storage polysaccharide stored in animal liver and __________ cells.

muscle

Plant cell walls are reinforced by the structural polysaccharide __________.

cellulose

The structural polysaccharide shown in this figure that forms the exoskeleton of arthropods is __________.

chitin

Lipids consist mostly of hydrocarbon chains, which makes them __________ in water.

hydrophobic

A fat molecule (triglyceride) is constructed from one glycerol molecule and three __________.

fatty acids

Each fatty acid is attached to glycerol via a bond called an __________ linkage.

ester

Fatty acids that lack double bonds and remain solid at room temperature are called __________ fats.

saturated

Unsaturated fats contain one or more double bonds that cause a __________ in the hydrocarbon backbone.

kink

When placed in water, phospholipids spontaneously aggregate into spherical structures called __________.

micelles

As shown in this chemical structure diagram, steroids are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of __________ fused rings.

4

An important steroid present in animal cell membranes that serves as a precursor for sex hormones is __________.

cholesterol

The monomer building blocks of proteins are __________.

amino acids

The covalent bond joining two amino acids together in a protein chain is called a __________ bond.

peptide

The loss of a protein's natural 3D conformation that renders it biologically inactive is called __________.

denaturation

Every nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a __________ group.

phosphate

The pyrimidine bases found in DNA are cytosine and __________.

thymine

The pyrimidine base present in RNA but not in DNA is __________.

uracil

The two purine bases present in both DNA and RNA are adenine and __________.

guanine

In DNA base pairing, Adenine pairs with Thymine via __________ hydrogen bonds.

2

In DNA base pairing, Guanine pairs with Cytosine via __________ hydrogen bonds.

3

In a DNA double helix, the two polynucleotide chains run in opposite directions, an arrangement known as __________.

antiparallel

As shown in figure (a), the rod-shaped virus that infects plant cells is the __________ virus.

Tobacco mosaic

The protein shell enclosing a viral genome is called a __________.

capsid

Prokaryotic cells store their DNA in an unbound region called the __________ region.

nucleoid

Ribosomal subunits are assembled within the nucleus in a dense region called the __________.

nucleolus

Smooth ER functions in lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, calcium ion storage, and the __________ of drugs and poisons.

detoxification

The receiving side of the Golgi apparatus is designated as the __________ face.

cis

The shipping side of the Golgi apparatus is designated as the __________ face.

trans

Lysosomes maintain an acidic interior with an optimal pH of __________.

5

The process by which lysosomes recycle a cell's own damaged organelles is called __________.

autophagy

Plant cells contain a large organelle that stores inorganic ions and maintains turgor pressure, called the __________ vacuole.

central

The inner membrane folds of a mitochondrion that increase its surface area are called __________.

cristae

In chloroplasts, thylakoid sacs are arranged into stacks called __________.

grana

Microtubules are hollow rods constructed from dimers of the protein __________.

tubulin

During animal cell division, microfilaments form a contractile ring to divide the cytoplasm in a process called __________.

cytokinesis

Microfilaments are solid rods built from twisted double chains of the protein __________.

actin

As shown in this figure, a plant cell placed in a hypertonic solution undergoes __________, causing the plasma membrane to pull away from the cell wall.

plasmolysis

Channel proteins that facilitate the rapid transport of water molecules across biological membranes are called __________.

aquaporins

The $\text{Na}^+/\text{K}^+$ ATPase pump exports $3\text{ Na}^+$ ions out of the cell for every __________ $\text{K}^+$ ions it imports.

2

A type of endocytosis where a cell engulfs solid particles into a food vacuole is called __________.

phagocytosis