ROM and MMT Positions

Shoulder Flexion ROM (Goniometry)

Client seated or standing: arm moves forward in sagittal plane: thumb up, forearm neutral: document test position

Shoulder Flexion MMT Against Gravity

Client seated or standing: raises arm straight forward through available range

Shoulder Flexion MMT Gravity Minimized

Client side-lying: thumb up, forearm neutral: may palpate anterior shoulder/anterior deltoid if no AROM

Shoulder Extension ROM (Goniometry)

Client seated, standing, or prone: arm moves backward: thumb up, forearm neutral

Shoulder Extension MMT Against Gravity

Client prone, seated, or standing: raises arm backward through available range

Shoulder Extension MMT Gravity Minimized

Client side-lying: thumb up, forearm neutral: may palpate posterior deltoid, latissimus dorsi, and dorsal scapula if no AROM

Shoulder Abduction ROM (Goniometry)

Client seated or standing: arm moves out to side: palm forward: document test position

Shoulder Abduction MMT Against Gravity

Client seated or standing: lifts arm out to the side through available range

Shoulder Abduction MMT Gravity Minimized

Client supine: palm forward: may palpate middle deltoid at superior shoulder if no AROM

Shoulder External Rotation ROM (Goniometry)

Client seated or standing: elbow flexed, arm at side

Shoulder External Rotation MMT Against Gravity

Client seated: shoulder abducted, elbow flexed: holds forearm while rotating outward

Shoulder External Rotation MMT Gravity Minimized

Client prone: posterior forearm: towel roll under shoulder: may palpate posterior deltoid, infraspinatus, and teres minor if no AROM

Shoulder Internal Rotation ROM (Goniometry)

Client seated or standing: elbow flexed, arm at side

Shoulder Internal Rotation MMT Against Gravity

Client seated: shoulder abducted, elbow flexed: holds forearm while rotating inward

Shoulder Internal Rotation MMT Gravity Minimized

Client prone: anterior forearm: towel roll under shoulder: may palpate anterior deltoid and subscapularis if no AROM

First Step in Gravity-Minimized MMT

Have client perform AROM first: determines need for palpation or resistance

MMT Resistance Rule

Always position limb in mid-range before applying resistance

Shoulder Flexion Normal ROM

0-180 degrees

50% range = 90

Shoulder Extension Normal ROM

0-60 degrees

50% range = 30

Shoulder Abduction Normal ROM

0-180 degrees (palm out)

50% range = 90

Shoulder External Rotation Normal ROM

0-90 degrees

50% range = 45

Shoulder Internal Rotation Normal ROM

0-70 degrees

50% range = 35