readings

what are the two landmarks for topographic positioning in the chest

vertebra prominens and jugular notch

when is the jugular notch more used?

AP CXR

when is the vertebra prominens used?

PA CXR

why is the xiphoid not used as a landmark

landmark varies in between different body habitus

is the hyoid bone apart of the larynx

no

what does the thyroid cartilage make

laryngeal prominence

what C level does the laryngeal prominence usually indicate

C4-C5

what is different about the right primary bronchi

more vertical, wider, and shorter. it divides into 3 secondary bronchi with 3 lobes

what is different about the left primary bronchi

not as big, divides into 2 secondary bronchi and has 2 lobes

which side is the heart more located in

left

describe asthenic patients

narrow thorax, slender front and back, long vertically

describe hyposthenic patients

average build

what are the 3 dimensions in breathing movements

vertical, transverse, anteroposterior

describe vertical diameter

contractions and downward movement of the diaphragm

describe transverse diameter

ribs swinging outward and up

describe anteroposterior diameter

raise of ribs

how many pairs of ribs should we see in CXR

10

hypersthenic

sthenic

hyposthenic

asthenic

sthenic

hyposthenic

is this a good PA chest

yes

are grids used in CXR

yes

is the kVp levels the same in pediatrics

no

what kind of pathology would we need to get a inspiration and expiration CXR

pnumothorax

when we exhale, how many ribs are shown in CXR PA

8

inspiration or expiration

inspiration

inspiration or expiration

expiration

why do we want inhalation

1. diaphragm moves further down

2. air fluid levels

3. preventing the enlargement of the pulmonary vessels

whats wrong with this image

rotation

how can you tell there is rotation

asymmetrical SC joints

whats wrong

rotation

if you cannot locate the CR for CXR, what is the general rule of thumb for a woman

18 cm down T1

if you cannot locate the CR for CXR, what is the general rule of thumb for a man

20 cm down T1

what are the clinical indications for CXR

aspiration, atelectasis, bronchiectasis, and bronchitis

what is another name for black lung pneumoconiosis

anthracosis

what is anthracosis

long term inhalation of coal dust

what are the routine CXR

Pa and lateral

what is a big disadvantage of a AP CXR

can not see air fluid levels

In a AP Lordotic CXR, what is the CR?

15-20 cephaled

what is the positioning for a AP Lordotic CXR

erect, 1 foot away from the IR leaning back, arms to the hips

what happens if we cannot do a AP Lordotic CXR? What is the alternative

Semiaxial AP

When would we do a AP Lordotic Projections

calcifications or masses under the clavicles

Why would we do a lateral upper airway

to rule out epiglottitis, investigation of the thryoid/thymus, foreign objectys

Where is the CR for lateral upper airway

C7, between the laryngeal prominence

what are the breathing instructions for upper airways

slow deep inspiration

what is the CR for the neck region

C5

what is the CR for the distal larynx/trachea region

T1

what are the routine projections for the upper airway

lateral and AP

how do we position the head for a AP upper airway

acanthiomeatal line is perpendicular to the IR

where is the CR is AP upper airway

1 inch above the jugular notch or T1