Molecular Biology Techniques Lecture 1 - Introduction Flashcards

Flashcards for Molecular Biology Techniques (BMLS204) based on lecture notes provided.

One of the course outlines is __.

The Principle of Molecular Biology

One of the course outlines is__.

The Applications of Molecular Biology

One of the course outlines is __.

The Nucleic Acids Extraction Techniques

One of the course outlines is __.

The Nucleic Acid Purification & Concentration Techniques

One of the course outlines is __.

The Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques

One of the course outlines is __.

The Nucleic Acid Hybridization Techniques

One of the course outlines is __.

The Nucleic Acid Sequencing Techniques

One of the course outlines is __.

The Principle & Application of Bioinformatics

Practical 1 involves __.

Handling Micropipettes in Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory

Practical 2 involves __.

Extraction, Purification & Concentration of Nucleic Acids

Practical 3 involves __.

Molecular Diagnosis of communicable Diseases

Practical 4 involves __.

Molecular Diagnosis of Noncommunicable Diseases

Molecular Biology is an extension of __.

Medical & Molecular Genetics

Applications of Molecular Biology include and .

Molecular Engineering and Molecular Medicine

Clinical Specimens are extracted using and of extracting Nucleic Acids.

Organic and Non-Organic Methods

The purification and concentration of Nucleic Acids is determined using __.

Electrophoretic, Spectrometric, and Fluorometric Techniques

We study principle and application of __.

Nucleic Acid Amplification Assays

We study the principles and application of __.

Nucleic Acid Hybridization Assays

We study the principle and application of __.

DNA and Protein separation Techniques

We study the principle and application of __.

DNA sequencing Techniques

We study the principle and application of __ in Molecular Medicine and Molecular Engineering

Bioinformatics and Proteomics

__ carry genetic information from one generation to the next, and how they determine various traits.

Genes

Genes are made up of __, __, and __, which perform specific functions in the body.

DNA, transcribed into RNA, and translated into proteins

__ can lead to changes in protein function or expression, resulting in genetic disorders or diseases.

Genetic variations or mutations

Genes are inherited in an __, and how this affects the risk of inheriting genetic disorders.

Autosomal dominant, recessive, or X-linked pattern

__ can identify genetic variations and how genetic counseling helps individuals understand and manage their genetic risks.

Genetic testing

Understanding the __ informs diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies.

Genetic basis of diseases

__ is a field of medicine that focuses on the diagnosis, management, and prevention of genetic disorders.

Medical genetics

It involves studying the __, and understanding how genetic variations contribute to health and disease.

Genetic basis of diseases

Medical Genetic Techniques include __.

Genetic testing, Family history analysis, and Genetic counseling

Major areas of study in medical genetics include __.

Biochemical Genetic, Cytogenetic, and Molecular Genetic

LDLR gene mutation is an example of __.

Familial Hypercholesterolemia

HBB mutations are examples of __.

Thalassemia & Sickle Cell Disease

GBA mutations are examples of __.

Gaucher disease

Insulin Resistance is an example of __.

type2 Diabetes

Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency is an example of __.

phenylketonuria

Deficiency of Branched-Chain Alpha-keto acid Dehydrogenase (BCKAD) affects Branched-Chain Amino Acids leucine, isoleucine and valine which causes __.

Maple Syrup urine Disease (MSUD)

An example of enzyme deficiencies is __ which causes hemolytic anemia.

Glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD)

Lactase deficiency leads to __.

lactose intolerance

Cytogenetic deals with __, their structure, function, and abnormalities.

chromosomes

__ involves staining chromosomes with specific dyes, photographing them under a microscope, and arranging them in a standardized format.

Karyotyping

Karyotyping is essential for diagnosing chromosomal abnormalities such as __.

Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome

__ uses fluorescently labeled DNA probes to bind to specific sequences on chromosomes.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)

Cytogenetic plays a crucial role in identifying __ associated with genetic disorders and cancer.

Chromosomal abnormalities

__helps to understand the genetic basis of cancer, identifying prognostic markers, and guiding treatment decisions.

Cancer cytogenetics

__ is used to screen for chromosomal abnormalities and genetic disorders in the developing fetus.

Prenatal diagnosis

Medical Genetic introduces you to an understanding on LINKAGES b/n concept of a __ as basic unit of inheritance.

gene

__ is Single Gene Replication and Cell Division that occurs in somatic cells.

Mitosis

__ is a time of great activity; Chromosome replicated & Condensed.

Interphase

__ Provide a Cellular Clock.

Telomeres

Errors In Mitosis can lead to genetic abnormalities, such as __.

Somatic Genetic disorders

__ have their own DNA(mtDNA), which is separated from Nuclear DNA.

Mitochondria

Mitochondrial DNA is inherited solely from one’s __.

mother

__ from parent cells to daughter cells is indirectly linked to inheritance through mitotic processes.

Genetic continuity

__ before mitosis ensures that each daughter cell receives a complete and accurate copy.

DNA replication

__ maintains the same number and kind of chromosomes in each cell division.

Genetic consistency

Unlike __ that associates with alleles transmission from parents to offspring, Mitosis isn’t directly involved with the mechanism of inheritance

Meiosis

__produces gametes for sexual reproduction with half the number of parental chromosomes by using two rounds of division.

Meiosis

Genetic variation for sexual reproduction is increased through independent assortment and crossing over, producing nonidentical __ of the parental chromosomes.

homologs

Molecular Genetics focuses on the study of the structure, function, and regulation of genes at the __.

molecular level

Genes carry genetic information from one generation to the next through the transmission of __.

DNA

__ Experiment identify DNA (Nuclein) as distinct Molecule.

Friedrich Miescher

__ Experiment shows that ‘transforming factor” moves from cell to cell.

Griffiths

__ Experiment Identify Griffiths ‘transforming factor’ to be DNA not protein.

Avery

__ Experiment confirmed function of DNA.

Hershey – Chase

__ discovered the structure of DNA.

James Watson and Francis Crick

Nucleic Acids like DNA and RNA are __.

polymers of nucleotides

Pentose sugar: __in RNA & __in DNA

ribose, deoxyribose

Purines are __.

Guanine (G) and Adenine (A)

Pyrimidines are __.

Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T, only in DNA) or Uracil

The Three Main Bonds Include __.

Phosphodiester, Glycoside and Hydrogen bonds

The pattern in which genetic letters are arranged is referred to as __.

Sequence

Molecular genetics explores the structure of DNA, including its __ configuration.

double helix

Chargaff’s Rules remain a cornerstone in understanding DNA’s structure and functions which are also based on ___.

Chargaff’s Rules

Chargaff's First Rule states that in a DNA molecule, the amount of __.

adenine (A) equals the amount of thymine (T), and the amount of cytosine (C) equals the amount of guanine (G)

DNA replication is a semiconservative and the Biologic Basis of __.

polymerase chain reaction

__ opens/unwind Helix by braking the hydrogen bond .

Helicase

__ removes uncoiling tension by cutting, rotating and resealing strands.

Topoisomerase

__ track the Mechanisms by which Hereditary information encoded in a DNA is transformed into a functional Protein Molecule in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

Molecular Genetics

Gene expression can be regulated during __.

transcription

Molecular genetics explores the structure of DNA, including its double helix configuration and the base pairing rules based on __.

genetic variation

Segregation of __ is Mendel's First Law states that alleles segregate during gamete formation.

Alleles

The __ are the predicted proportions of offspring exhibiting specific traits or genotypes based on the laws of Mendelian inheritance.

Mendelian ratios of inheritance

Test Cross = Crossing Individual with a __.

Homozygous recessive

Genetic variation can arise from __ in the DNA sequence, such as point mutations or insertions/deletions.

Mutations

Base pair (Nucleotide) Substitutions are known as __.

Point Mutations

Removal of nucleotides, results in changes to protein sequences or gene regulation via __.

Deletions

__ during meiosis can lead to genetic variants through the following mechanism.

Genetic Recombination

__ is a random change in allele frequency over time.

Genetic Drift

Also known as __, refers to the movement of genes from one population to another.

Gene Flow

Different forms of a gene, such as the ABO blood group genes, corresponds to __.

Allelic variation

Genetic variation provides the raw material for __.

Evolution

__ is influenced by genetic variation which allowing for flexibility and adaptability during growth and development.

Developmental plasticity

Differences in physical traits, such as height or eye color, is __.

phenotypic variation

Genetic variation allows populations to__ to changing environments.

adaptation

The field studying the structure and function of GENE as the code of life & unit of inheritance, at a MOLECULAR level is __.

Molecular Biology

MBT is the Application of __ to study the GENES.

Molecular Genetic Methods