Important Flashcards

Define Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetics is the study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes drugs

What is Drug Half-Life?

Half- life is the time it takes for the concentration of a drug in the bloodstream to decrease by half, influencing, dosing frequency and duration

What are the key stages of drug metabolism

Drug metabolism generally involves two phases: Phase 1 ( modification E.G., Oxidation Reduction) Phase 2 conjugation)

What are the different drug dosage forms

Drug dosage forms include tablets capsules, liquids, creamd, injections, patches, topical applications, and more, each desgined for specific routes of administration and absorption rates

Explain drug elimination

Drug elimination is the process of removing a drug from the body, primarily through the kidneys ( urine) or liver (bile)

Identify drugs related to the nervous system

Drugs related to the nervous system include antidepressants, anipsychotics, anxiolytics, and anticonvulsants, each targeting differnet aspsects of the nervous system

What are OTC medications

Over the counter medications are drugs that can be purchased without a prescription. They are generally used for self-treatment of minor health issues

Name some cardiovascular system drugs

Cardiovascular system drugs include antihpyertensives, diuretics, beta-blockers, and statins

Identify renal system drugs

Renal system drugs include diuretics and medications for kidney-related conditions, such as kidney failure or urinary tract infections

List common drug side effects

Common side effects include nausea dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, and constipation

Name drugs used in respiratory system

Respiratory system drugs include bronchodilators, corticosteroids and antihistamines used for conditions like astma and allergies

True or false, allergic reactions to drugs are the same as side effects

False, allergic reactions are immune responses to a drug distinct from side effeccts, which are known potential outcomes of a drugs pharmacologic action

What are common endocrine system drugs

Endocrine system drugs include insulin, thyroid, hormones, and oral hypoglycemics

what is meant by drug stability

Drug stability refers to the ability of a drug to maintain its physical, chemical, therapeutic, and microbiological properties during the time of its shelf life

Explain drug interactions

Drug interactions occur when one drug affects the activity of another, often leading to an increase or decrease in the drugs effectiveness or side effects

Match the route of administration oral, topical, intravenous

Oral - swallowed

Topical - applied to skin

Intravenous - administered into a vein

What is special drug handling and why is it important

Fill in the blank is a process where a drug is made into a form suitable for administration

Compounding

Define narrow therapeutic index ( NTI)

NTI refers to drugs wher the range between effective dose and toxic dose is small requiring close monitoring

List common antibiotics

Amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, and azythromacin

Describe a scenario involving drug compounding

Drug compounding involves customizing a drugs form, dosage, or ingredients, often for patients with specific needs not met by commercially available medications

What are antihypertensives used for

To lower high blood pressure and reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke

Illustrate an example of drug storage requirement

Insuling must be stored in a refrigerator to maintain its effectiveness

Name some antidiabetic medications

Metformin, Insulin, and sulfonylureas

What is the purpose of anticoagulants

To prevent blood clots and reduce the risk of stroke especially in patients with atrial fibrillation or after certain surgeries

Define the use of NSAIDs

Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) are used to relieve pain, reduce swelling, and lower fever

Identify common antidepressants

SSRIs like fluoxetine sertraline and SNRIs like venlafaxine

What are opiods described for

For managing moderate to severe pain, often after surgery or for chronic pain conditions

What are bronchodilators used for?

To relax muscles in the airways and increase airflow to the lungs, used in conditions like asthma and copd

Explain the role of statins

Statins are used to lower cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke

List some types of contraceptives

Combination oral contraceptives, Progestin- only contraceptives

What is the mechanism of action for beta-blockers

Beta-Blockers work by blocking the effects of the hormone epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, whihc decreases heart rate and blood pressure

Describe the use of ACE Inhibitors

ACE Inhibitors are used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure by relaxing blood vessels and reducing the workload on the heart

Define the use of Antiretroviral Drugs

Antiretrivirals are used for the treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS by inhibiting the virus’s ability to replicate the body

What are proton pump inhibitors ( PPIs) used for

PPIs reduce stomach acid production, used in treating Gastroesophagela reflux disease ( GERD) and peptic ulcers

How do diuretics work

Diuretics increase urine productin to remove excess fluid from the boyd used in conditions like hypertensiona dn Edema

Explain the role of calcium channel blockers

These drugs relax and widen blood vessels by blocking calcium entering the cells the heart and blood vessel walls, used for high blood pressure and chest pain

Describe the function of immunosuppressants

Immunosuppressants are used to prevent organ rejection in transplant patients and to treat autoimmune diseases by suppressing the immune system

What is the purpose of antipsychotic medications

Antipsychotics are used to treat psychiatric conditons like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder by affecting brain chemicals

What are the uses of corticosteroids

Cortiscosteroids are used to reduce inflammaion in conditions like asthma, arthritis, and allergens

Explain the importance of pharmacokineitc monitoring

Pharmacokinetic monitoring ensures optimal drug dosing by analyzing how the boyd absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes drugs

Explain physical and chemical compounding incompatibilities

Physical and chemical incompatibilities in compounding occur when tehre are undesirable reactions or changes in the drugs physical or chemical properties

Describe the parenteral route of drug administration

The parenteral route bypasses the gastrointestinal tract and includes methods like intravenous, intramucular, and subcutaneous administrations

What is the difference between side effects and adverse effects

Side effects are known usually mild, reactions to a drug, wheras adverse effects are more severe or unexpected reactions

Define sterile compounding in drug preparation

Sterile compounding is the process of preparing medications in a sterile enviroment to prevent contamination, typically used ofr injections and ophtmalmic preparations

Identify common allergic reactions to drugs

Allergic reactions can include rahses, itching, swelling, and in severe cases, anaphylaxis

What is non-sterile compounding

Non-sterile compoundign involves preparing medications in a clean, but non sterile, environment and includes most oral medications and topical preparations

What is drug stability and why is it important

Drug stability ensures that medications retain their efficacy, safety, and quality over their shelf life

True or false : All compounded medications are sterile

False, medications can be compounded in both sterile and non-sterile enviroments, depending on their intended use

Describe the process of pharmaceutical calculations

It involves calculating the exact amounts of ingredients needed to prepare compounded medications

What are key considerations in drug compounding

Key considerations include maintaning appropriate conditions ( sterile or non- sterile), accurate measurements, and understanding drug properties

What considerations are important in drug storage

Factors like temperature, light, humidity, and security are crucial in maintaining drug stability potency

How do environmental conditions affect drug stabilty

Temperature, light, and humidity can significantly impact a drugs stability and effectiveness

What is the difference between generic and brand name drugs

Generic names are the standard chemical non-proprietary names, while brand names are trademarked by specific manufacturers

What are risks associated with improper medication disposal

Improper disposal can lead to environmental harm and potential misuse or accidnetal ingestion of medications

What are supplement drugs

Supplement drugs include vitamins, minerals, herbal products, and other non-prescription products used to complement the diet and immprove health

Describe the use of cardiovascular system drugs

These are medications used to treat conditions of the heart and blood bessels like hypertension heart failure and arrhythmias

What are narrow therapeutic index ( NTI) medications

NTI medications are drugs wher the therapeutic and toxic doses are very close requiring precise dosing and monitoring

Identify digestive system drugs

Digestive system drugs include medications like antacids, PPIs. and laxatives used for various gastrointestinal disorders

Explain the importance of understanding drug indications

Drug indications refer to the approved reasons or conditions for which a drug can be used guiding appropriate prescription and use

Define reproductive system drugs

These drugs are used for conditions related to the reproductive system including contraceptives and fertility medications

What are drug contraindications

Contraindications are specific situations or condictions where a drug should not be used due to potential harm or ineffectiveness

What is meant by “ Local Route” in drug administration

The local route involves applying medication directly to the area wher eits effect is needed such as creams or ointments on the skin

Describe the enteral route of drug administration

The enteral route involves administering drugs through the gastrointestinal tract primarily orally

What is the significance of drug classification