Openstax Anatomy Final Exam

simple cuboidal epithelium

Function: secretion and absorption

Location: Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface.

stratified cuboidal epithelium

Function: protection

Location: Largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands.

simple squamous epithelium

Function: Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae.

Location: Kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity(serosae)

stratified squamous epithelium

Function: protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion

Location: nonkeratinized type forms the moist lining of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized type forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane.

simple columnar epithelium

Function: Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliated action.

Location: nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal), gallbladder and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus.

stratified columnar epithelium

Function: protection and secretion

Location: rare in the body; small amounts in male urethra and in large ducts of some glands

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

tissue that consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped and sized cells that give the appearance of multiple layers; found in ducts of certain glands and the upper respiratory tract

transitional epithelium

function: stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine

Location: lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra

serous membrane

thin layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities and secretes a fluid that keeps the membrane moist; also called serosa

exocrine glands

secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body

endocrine glands

glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream

extracellular matrix (ECM)

The meshwork surrounding animal cells, consisting of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and proteoglycans synthesized and secreted by the cells.

areolar connective tissue

Function: wraps and cushions organs

Location: widely distributed under epithelia of body. Binds skin to muscles, found around organs and blood vessels.

reticular connective tissue

Connective tissue that contains reticular fibers and cells; used to make the framework of major organs

dense regular connective tissue

Function: attaches muscles to bones or to other muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction

Location: tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses

Dense Irregular CT

dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract; fibrous capsules of organs and of joints

elastic connective tissue

Connective tissue made from elastic fibers that allows stretching (found in the lungs, artery walls, vocal cords)

hyaline cartilage

Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose

elastic cartilage

cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; more flexible than hyaline cartilage- found on the pinna (external ear)

Fibrocartilage

cartilage that contains fibrous bundles of collagen, such as that of the intervertebral disks in the spinal cord.

bone

Dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeleton

blood

Connective tissue made of plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

Fibroblasts

In connective tissue, cells that secrete the proteins of the fibers.

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells

Granulation tissue

New tissue that is pink/red in color and composed of fibroblasts and small blood vessels that fill an open wound when it starts to heal

Fibrosis (scarring)

Replacement of lost tissue components with fibrous connective tissue, loses some functionality

Desmosome

Intercellular junction that provides strong adhesion between cells. Found in tissue that experiences intense mechanical stress - cardiac muscle, bladder.

Gap junction

Forms an intercellular passageway between the membranes of adjacent cells to facilitate movement of small molecules between cytoplasm of the cells. Found in epithelial cells in the skin.

Tight junction

Blocks movement of substances through the extracellular space. Enables epithelia to act as a selective barrier. Can be found in the epithelial cells of the bile duct.

apical surface of epithelial tissue

(Upper, free) exposed to exterior or cavity; (part of epithelial polarity)

basal surface of epithelial tissue

attached to basement membrane

Exocrine glands

Salivary glands, bile ducts, sweat glands

Endocrine glands

Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, pineal glands

merocrine secretion

product is released from secretory vesicles by exocytosis

holocrine secretion

release of a substance caused by the rupture of a gland cell, which becomes part of the secretion

Chondrocytes

Cells that secrete cartilage.

skeletal muscle tissue

cylindrical, multi-nucleated, long

cardiac muscle tissue

short striated, single central nucleus

smooth muscle tissue

short, spindle-shaped, no striation, single nucleus in each fiber

Adipose connective tissue

acts as a storage depot for fat

areolar connective tissue

Composes basement membranes; a soft packaging tissue with a jellylike matrix

Dense irregular connective tissue

dermis of skin

dense regular connective tissue

tendons and ligaments

Levels of Orgainization

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism

The thymus is part of two systems:

Endocrine and lymphatic

The testes and ovaries are part of two systems:

Endocrine and reproductive

The organs of the lymphatic system are:

lymph nodes, thymus, spleen

The organs of the endocrine system are:

Pancreas, thymus, testes, ovaries and most glands.

What two systems are most important in maintaining homeostasis?

Nervous and endocrine systems

In a feedback loop, the _________ Detects change and sends the information to the control center.

Receptor

In a feedback loop, the ________sends commands to the effector

control center

In a feedback loop, the __________ causes the desired effect to fix the imbalance.

effector

Control of body temperature, blood sugar and blood pressure are examples of a _____________ feedback loop

Negative

Labor contractions and blood clotting are examples of a ____________ feedback loop.

Positive

Response is opposite of or counters the stimulus

negative feedback

Response is in the same direction as the initial change.

positive feedback

saggital plane

divides the body into a right and left side

transverse plane

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

frontal plane (coronal plane)

divides body into anterior and posterior sides

closer to the head

cephalic

closer to the sit/butt bones

caudal

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Lateral

away from the midline

Right upper quadrant

Liver, Right Kidney, Colon, Pancreas, Gallbladder

left upper quadrant

liver, spleen, left kidney, stomach, colon, pancreas

right lower quadrant

appendix, right ovary and tube, right ureter, right spermatic cord

left lower quadrant

Part of descending colon

Sigmoid colon

Left ovary and tube

Left ureter

Left spermatic cord

cranial cavity

brain

Serous membrane around heart

pericardium

serous membrane around lungs

pleura

serous membrane around abdominal organs

peritoneum

visceral pericardium (epicardium)

covers the heart's outer surface

parietal pericardium

outer layer of the pericardium

The term _____ refers to internal organs while the term __________ refers to body cavity walls

visceral, parietal

anything that has mass and takes up space

matter

The capacity to do work

energy

Major elements in the body

hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon

atom

Smallest particle of an element

Major cation in ECF

Sodium

major cation in ICF

Potassium

Major anion in ECF

Chloride

Major anion in ICF

Phosphate

Ionic bond

transfer of elections

non polar covalent bond

equal sharing of electrons

polar covalent bond

A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally

hydrogen bond

weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom

Type of bond in a water molecule

polar covalent bond

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism

Anabolism

Constructive metabolism; the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.

Catabolism

Molecules are broken down, releasing energy.

synthesis reaction

a reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a new compound A+B -->AB

decomposition reaction

a reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two or more simpler substances AB--> A+B

exchange reaction

AB + CD --> AD + CB

Reaction rates are affected by

concentration, temperature, catalysts

Solution

A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another.

Solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

Solvent

A usually liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

Properties of water that make it essential to life

solvency, cohesion, thermal stability

atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

mass number

the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus