science 3

anything that can be felt is made of

atoms

where does matter come from

the big bang

what is temperature

the measurement of how much energy matter is releasing

what is kinetic energy

movement or vibrations

what is the average temp on earth

31-34c

how hot was the big bang

1 x 10˄14

what are the 3 subatomic particles

protons, electrons, neutrons

what happens when atoms and subatomic particles get hot

they fuse

what is the most common element in the universe

Hydrogen

what is nuclear fussion

the fusion of the nuclei of 2 atoms

what is nuclear fission

The splitting of an atomic nucleus

why do stars begin to die

because they begin to fuse helium into bigger elements

what is a compound

a mixture of 2 elements

what percentage of the observable universe does matter form

less than 0.1%

what are atoms with charges called

ions

Ions with a positive charge are called

cations

ions with a negative charge are called

anions

when was light made

during the big bang

where does radiation come from

from stars

what is relic radiation

radiation made during the big bang

what is the main fuel for stars

hydrogen

what are particles smaller than subatomic particles

quarks

how old is the universe

14 billion years old

is the universe always expanding

yes

steps of the big bang

inflation (10˄-32 seconds)
formation of protons
nuclear fusion begins(0.01 seconds)
nuclear fusion ends (3 minutes)
cosmic background radiations (380000 years)
modern universe (13.7 billion years)

formation of protons

nuclear fusion begins(0.01 seconds)

nuclear fusion(3 minutes)

cosmic background radiations (380000 years)

modern universe (13.7 billion years)

how is the idea that the universe started in a big bang a logical extension from a fact

because it is backed up by facts

what evidence is there that the universe began in a big bang

the constant expansion of the universe and the cosmic background radiation

at the time of the big bang what happened

all the matter and energy of the universe was compressed into a point, hydrogen formed after a few minutes, protons neutrons and electrons formed a few seconds after

what are the 3 possibilities for the end of the universe

the big rip, big freeze and big crunch

big rip

the universe expansion moves so fast that gravity cant keep up and it causes a rip in space

big freeze

the universe continues getting colder and eventually it gets too cold

big crunch

the rate of expansion of the universe stops and everything begins going in reverse and everything turns extremely small

entropy

lack of order

what is a constellation

a group of stars making an image

astronomy

science that studies how stuff behaves in the universe

cosmology

the study of the cosmos

star

a massive ball of plasma

what are stars made of

hydrogen

what state of matter on earth has the most energy

gas

what state of matter has the most energy

plasma

what happens to electrons in plasma

they rip out of the atom and begin orbiting it

do nebulas have a center of gravity

yes

what happens to the atoms in a nebula because of the center of gravity

they crash into each other

what are stars constantly doing

exploding

what are exploding stars held together by

gravity

true or false. all radiation produced by a star escapes

false

what are the most common stars in the universe

red dwarfs

why are red dwarfs not main sequence stars

because they dont fuse enough hydrogen in their core

How are stars classified?

temperature, age and size

what do opposite charges do

They attract

what do equal charges do

they repel

what keeps subatomic particles from splitting

nuclear energy

what produces more energy? nuclear fusion or nuclear fission

nuclear fusion

what are stars that only fuse hydrogen to hydrogen called

main sequence stars

star layers

core, radiative zone and convection zone

where does energy from nuclear fusion go to in a star

to the radiative zone

what happens in the convection zone of a star

energy loops and only a small percentage of energy escapes

why does energy stay in the convection zone

because gravity pulls it in

what type of fusion takes place in most stars

nuclear fusion

why dont stars collapse on themselves

because of nuclear energy

what does a supernova create

a neutron star or a black hole

what color is our sun

white

how is the surface temperature of a main sequence star related to its luminosity

the hotter the surface temperature, the brighter the star

what are brown dwarfs

failed stars

why are red dwarves so

common

because they live a very long time

is a red dwarf's energy output consistent

no

is white dwarf's energy output consistent

yes

what is a white dwarf

the core of a star which is left after a star dies through a supernova

How are neutron stars formed?

when a supergiant explodes and condenses all of the subatomic particles into a small ball

what does a neutron star fuse

electrons and protons into neutrons

what are the densest objects in the universe

neutron stars

what are the densest things in the universe

black holes

what do main sequence stars leave when they die

a nebula and a white dwarf

what happens when a star's hydrogen runs out

it becomes bigger

what object has the second strongest force of gravity

neutron stars

what are the 3 layers of neutron stars

crust, core, and atmosphere

how are pulsars made

when neutron stars collapse they spin very fast and turn into pulsars

what object has the strongest magnetic field

pulsars

what is formed when 2 neutron stars spinning fast crash into each other

a kilonova

can protons and electrons fuse

yes but is requires a lot of pressure

what are subatomic particles made of

quarks

what is the solid part of a black hole called

singularity

how is the entrance of a black hole called

event horizon

what is parallax

the apparent change in position of an object when you look at it from different places

what is 1 astronomical unit equal to

150 million km

what is the distance between the sun and the earth

1 au

what is a parallax angle

the angle that is made due to parallax

in what is the angle of a parallax angle measured in

arcseconds

what is a parasec

a unit of length

1 parasec is equal to

3.26 light years

how much is an arcsecond in degrees

1/60

distance formula

distance=astronomical unit/parallax angle

parallax angle formula

parallax angle=astronomical unit/distance

what is a galaxy

a group of solar systems