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Bridge Cap
"is the highest part of a bridge pier, on which the bridge bearings or rollers are seated. It may be of stone, brick or plain or reinforced concrete, usually the last for heavy loads."
Joist
beam directly supporting a floor
Live Load
load which may be removed or replaced on a structure. Moving loads or movable loads
girder
A horizontal beam that supports other beams; a very large beam, especially one that is built up from other sections.
Aggregates
gravel, sand, slag, crushed rock or similar inert materials which form a large part of concretes,asphalts or roads including macadam.
Diaphragm
a structural system used to transfer/transmit lateral forces like wind and earthquake load to the vertical-resisting elements. Horizontal bracing systems
boring
making a hole in rock blasting, using a rotative or percussive drill
1 bore hole
0-50 sqm
2 bore holes
50-500 sqm
3 bore holes
500 sqm or more
Gusset Plate
a flat steel plate used to connect the members of a truss; a stiffener plate
Punching Shear
The failure in a base when a heavily loaded column strikes a hole through it.
Seismograph
A device that records ground movements caused by seismic waves as they move through Earth
Span
The distance between supports for a beam, girder, truss, or other horizontal structural member; to carry a load between supports.
Span
it is the extent of space between two supports of a structure. It also refers to the structure so supported.
Modulus of Elasticity
What do you call ratio Stress/Strain?
Modulus of Elasticity
The ratio of the increment of some specified form of stress to the increment of some specified form of strain, such as Young's modulus, the bulk modulus, or the shear modulus. Also known as coefficient of elasticity, elasticity modulus, elastic modulus.
Modulus of rigidity
Also called the Shear Modulus, it is the ratio of shear stress to the shear strain and is denoted by G.
yield point
it is the first stress in a material at which an increase in strain occurs without an increase in stress
yield point
the stress at which noticeable, suddenly increased deformation occurs under slowly increasing load
elastic limit
Maximum stress that a material will withstand without permanent deformation.
elastic limit
the stress beyond which further load causes permanent set. In most materials it is also the limit of proportionality.
Plastic Limit
The minimum moisture content at which the soil can be rolled into a thread one-eighth of an inch in diameter without crumbling and is determined by trial and error.
deflection
The distance a beam or structure deforms under loading, typically due to bending in a beam. The elastic movement of loaded parts of a structure.
shear
force directed parallel to a surface
shear
force that causes one part of the body to slide relative to an adjacent part in a direction parallel to their plane of contact
Stress
Force per unit area.
strain
Change in the length of an object in some direction per unit.
Grade Beam
the US term for ground beam
Tendon
a pre-stressing bar, cable, rope, strand or wire
slenderness ratio
The ratio of the effective length of a column to its least radius of gyration.
resilience
the strain energy stored in an elastic material per unit of volume
Ductility
The ability to be pulled into thin wires. The ability of a metal to undergo cold plastic deformation without breaking.
Modulus of Rapture
the breaking stress of a cast-iron, wooden or mass concrete rectangular beam, calculated on the assumptions that the tensile strains in the beam are equal distances from the neutral axis
structure
it is an assemblage of framing members designed to support gravity loads and resists lateral forces
Hazardous facilities
occupancies and structures housing or supporting toxic or explosive chemicals or substances; Non- building structures storing, supporting or containing quantities of toxic or explosive substances.
Essential Facilities
Structures that are necessary for emergency operations subsequent to a natural disaster.
Special occupancy
Buildings used for college or adult education with a capacity of 500 or more students fall to what type of occupancy?
retaining wall
A wall designed to resist the lateral displacement of soil or other materials.
Diaphragm
It is a horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit lateral forces to the vertical-resisting elements, including horizontal bracing systems
soft story
A story whose lateral stiffness is less than 70 percent of the stiffness of the story above. Such an abrupt change of stiffness should be avoided if possible.
Weak Story
Is one in which the story strength is less than 80% of that of the story above.
P-delta effect
The secondary effect on shears and moments of frame members induced by the vertical loads acting on the laterally displaced building frame.
girder
Large beam supporting a smaller beam.
Elasticity
Advantage of steel over concrete
crippling
The sharp bending or buckling when a column is loaded heavily is called _____.
Buckling
Usual failure of a long column
yield
What usually happen to reinforcing steel in a reinforced concrete slab or beam if such member is about to collapse?
Bundled bars
Reinforcing bars put in a contact to act as a unit
Every 600mm; 15-25 seconds
Use of concrete vibrator
Seismicity
The degree, to which a location is subjected earthquake risk, usually refers to the frequency to occurrence and magnitude of past earthquake and expectation of future seismic activity.
Columns
Ties are for
Beams
Stirrups are for
Planted Column
What do you call a column that is not aligned to a lower floor column?
Pre-tensioning
Type of pre-stressing for which tension is applied prior to the placing of concrete
Flat Slab
Type of concrete floor which has no supporting beams.
Bond Stress
The force adhesion per unit area of contact between two bonded surfaces.
span length
Distance between two structural supports
Jacking Force
Temporary force exerted by a device that introduce tension into a pre-stressing tendon.
Setting
Rapid hardening element is called "early [blank] cement"
settlement
The gradual movement of an engineering structure due to compression of the soil below the foundation.
Permeability
Ability of rock or soil to allow water to flow through it
Workability
SLUMP TEST IS DONE IN FRESH CONCRETE IN ORDER PRIMARILY TO DETERMINE
Aggregates
Inert materials used in concrete which occupy more than 75% of the volume of the hardened concrete.
Shear wall
The wall that resists horizontal forces applied in a plane of the wall.
Contraction Joint
is a formed, sawed, or tooled groove in a concrete structure to create a weakened plane and regulate the location of cracking resulting from the dimensional change of different parts of the structure.
Development Length
Length of embedded reinforcement required to develop the design strength of reinforcement at a critical section.
Post-tensioning
It is a method of pre-stressing in which tendons are tensioned after concrete has hardened.
kg m/s2
Newton is expressed in
N/m2
Pascal (Pa), the SI unit of stress, is expressed in
Psi
pounds per square inch
Psi
The unit of stress in the Imperial system
strain gauge
An instrument for measuring minute deformation
deflection
A term to describe the magnitude to which a structural element is displaced when subjected to an applied load.
elastic limit
It is the amount of stress that a material can undergo before moving from elastic deformation into plastic deformation
yield point
It is the first stress in a material at which an increase in strain occurs without an increase in stress
rigid
A material that possesses a very high Young's Modulus is
F/A
Stress
dL/L
Strain
Modulus of Elasticity
stress/strain
Poisson's Ratio
Ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain.
Proportional Limit
the greatest stress a structure can withstand without permanent deformation
soil compaction
A method of mechanically increasing the density of soil
top
The main bars for cantilevered slabs are located at
End of slab
What is the Best Location of Support for a One Way Slab?
Laitance
It is a flaky layer of hardened but weak hydrated cement and fine aggregates which began as a milky layer on the upper surface of the concrete mass during the curing process which was caused by an excess amount of water used in the mixture or by too much vibration.
Footing
Structure that transfers the load (weight) of the house to the soil, supports the foundation
hydrostatic pressure
It is the depth below ground water level multiplied by the weight of water
pressure
What causes the Upward Force that acts on footings?
Allowable bearing capacity
is the ultimate bearing capacity divided by a factor of safety.
Soil Bearing Pressure
What do you call the Upward Force acting on spread footing?
yield strength
A36 Steel is the most common type of Steel Alloy. What does the number 36 mean?
American Society for Testing and Materials
What is ASTM?
ASTM A6
The ASTM standard specification for General Requirements for Rolled Structural Steel bars, plates, shapes, and sheet piling.
ASTM A36
The ASTM standard specification for Carbon Structural Steel
ASTM A325
The ASTM standard specification for structural bolts, steel, heat treated, 120/105 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength
moment-resisting frame
Is a frame in which members and joints are capable of resisting forces primarily by flexure:
Effective Length of Column
The distance between points of zero moment on a compression member is
Development Length
Length of embedded reinforcement required to develop the design strength of reinforcement at a critical section.
Bearing wall system
a structural system without a complete vertical load-carrying space frame
Note
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