History 1301 Exam 1 Study Guide: Chapters 1-4

Bering Land Bridge

Exposed during the final ice age for migration.

Maize

Supported population growth and complex societies.

Three Sisters

Corn beans and squash; vital crops for sustenance.

Kinship in Native Americans

Traced through the mother's family line.

Agricultural social changes

Led to settled communities and social hierarchies.

Portuguese sugar cultivation

Used enslaved African labor on Atlantic islands.

Bartolomé de las Casas

Spanish priest documenting abuses against Native Americans.

European diseases

Caused significant population declines among Native Americans.

Aztec Empire

Located in Mexico; fell to Spanish conquest in 1521.

French and Dutch colonization

Focused on trade and alliances with Native Americans.

Spanish and English colonization

Emphasized conquest settlement and resource exploitation.

Jamestown settlers' challenges

Faced disease starvation and Native American conflicts.

Tobacco's impact on Jamestown

Saved the colony economically and spurred plantation expansion.

Puritan goals

Aimed to create a devout 'city upon a hill'.

Great Migration

20000 Puritans moved to New England (1620-1640).

Religious persecution

Led to the Great Migration of Puritans.

Black Legend

Narrative portraying Spanish colonizers as uniquely brutal.

Patroon system

Granted large land estates in New Netherland.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Divided New World claims between Spain and Portugal.

Richard Hakluyt's Discourse

Promoted English colonization's economic and strategic benefits.

Northeastern vs. Southern colonies

Fewer enslaved people in the northeast due to economy.

Northern Colonies

Less reliance on enslaved labor due to diversified economies.

Transatlantic Slave Trade

Shifted labor focus from Native American enslavement.

Hereditary Slavery

1660s laws made enslavement permanent based on race.

Paternal Dominion

Hierarchical structure where fathers controlled family decisions.

Olaudah Equiano

Enslaved African who wrote about slavery's horrors.

Middle Passage

Brutal journey for enslaved Africans causing immense suffering.

Race Concept Change

Evolved from general differences to a slavery justification.

Bacon's Rebellion

Conflict over land led to racialized slavery shift.

Southern Slavery

Focused on large-scale plantation agriculture for cash crops.

Northern Slavery

Enslaved people worked in households and urban industries.

Consumer Revolution

Increased purchasing of imported goods by colonists.

Great Awakening

1730s-1740s revival emphasizing personal faith and new ideas.

Seven Years' War

Competition for territory led to British victory and tensions.

Georgia Colony Founding

Established as a buffer and social experiment for debtors.

Pontiac's War

Native dissatisfaction with British policies led to conflict.

Proclamation of 1763

Limited colonial expansion post-Pontiac's War.

Maize Cultivation

Enabled complex societies and permanent settlements in Indigenous America.

Three Sisters

Maize beans and squash supported cooperative Indigenous societies.

European Colonization Effects

Diseases like smallpox devastated Indigenous populations.

Indigenous Population Decline

Resulted from European diseases disrupting societies.

Colonial Society Hierarchy

Structured by race and economic status.

Religious Movements

Emergence of new ideas during the Great Awakening.

Colonial Economic Connection

Consumer Revolution linked colonists to global economy.

Colonization

The process of establishing control over foreign lands.

Encomienda System

Spanish labor system exploiting Indigenous peoples.

Displacement

Forced removal of Native Americans from their lands.

Spanish Colonization

Focused on wealth extraction and converting Indigenous peoples.

French Colonization

Centered on trade and alliances with Native Americans.

English Colonization

Prioritized permanent settlements and agricultural development.

Taxation without Representation

Colonial grievance against British taxation policies.

Boston Tea Party

Protest against British tea tax in 1773.

Intolerable Acts

British laws escalating tensions before the Revolution.

First Continental Congress

Meeting to address colonial grievances against Britain.

Battles of Lexington and Concord

First military engagements of the American Revolution.

Declaration of Independence

1776 document asserting colonial freedom from Britain.

Victory at Yorktown

Decisive battle ending the American Revolutionary War.

Treaty of Paris (1783)

Agreement recognizing U.S. independence from Britain.

Articles of Confederation

First governing document creating a weak federal government.

Shays' Rebellion

Armed uprising highlighting weaknesses of the Articles.

Constitutional Convention (1787)

Meeting to address issues in the Articles of Confederation.

Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist

Debate over the balance of federal and state power.

Bill of Rights

First ten amendments protecting individual liberties.

Political Parties

Groups formed over differing political ideologies and policies.

Checks and Balances

System ensuring no branch of government becomes too powerful.

Economic Instability

Financial difficulties faced by the new nation post-Revolution.

Religious Freedom

Motivation for some English colonists seeking new opportunities.