Human Diseases Exam 2

Plasma contains the protein _____, which promotes the blood's ability to hold water and maintain pressure inside the blood vessels.

albumin

Hemophilia A is caused by a deficiency in clotting factor

VIII

_____ are produced in the bone marrow and are essential for blood clotting.

Platelets

Polycythemia vera is most commonly seen in _____.

older men

Vitamin _____ is required for the synthesis of the prothrombin and thrombin clotting factors.

K

Hemophilia A is an X-linked _____.

recessive disorder that primarily affects males

Risk factors for _____ anemia include excessive blood loss, menstruation, pregnancy, and rapid growth during adolescence.

iron-deficiency

_____, or red blood cells, make up about half of the blood's volume.

Erythrocytes

In the lungs, hemoglobin binds to oxygen, becoming _____.

oxyhemoglobin

Approximately _____ of African Americans have the sickle cell anemia trait.

10%

In _____, the alveolar walls break down, adjacent alveoli fuse, and the lungs lose their elasticity.

emphysema

There are two basic types of medications used in _____ treatment: steroids and other anti-inflammatory medications and bronchodilators.

asthma

Normal arterial blood gases should be high in carbon dioxide and low in oxygen.

False

With pneumonia, the _____ fill with pus and fluid, which makes breathing painful and limits oxygen intake.

alveoli

Tuberculosis is caused by a _____.

bacteria

Generally, two distinct diseases fall into the category of COPD: _____.

emphysema and chronic bronchitis

_____ fluid lubricates the lung and thoracic surfaces, reducing friction as the lungs expand and contract.

Pleural

Normal oxygen saturation rates are greater than _____.

90%

The _____ are surrounded by blood capillaries and are the site of gas exchange.

alveoli

Cystic fibrosis is an _____ disease.

inherited

_____ is diagnosed by the signs and symptoms as well as a biopsy of the small intestine.

Celiac disease

The painful symptoms of _____ frequently occur at night when the body is horizontal and relaxed.

GERD

Inflammation of the gallbladder is usually associated with _____.

gallstones

_____ mainly affect alcoholics and those with cirrhosis of the liver.

Esophageal varices

Colorectal cancer grows _____.

slowly and tends to remain localized

The typical symptoms of _____ include diarrhea with pus, blood, and mucus in the stool.

ulcerative colitis

The worm-like shape of the appendix is located on the _____.

cecum

Most digestion occurs in the first part of the small intestine, the _____.

duodenum

_____ is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.

Bile

The pancreas is a gland that has both endocrine and exocrine functions.

True

Renal cell carcinoma is a relatively common type of cancer.

False

In chronic kidney disease, the ability of the renal tubules to concentrate urine is _____.

absent

The color and volume of urine may indicate disease, for example diabetics produce _____.

large volumes of pale and dilute urine

To prevent kidney stones, or their reoccurrence, _____.

fluid intake should be increased and dietary calcium reduced

A significant sign of acute kidney injury include oliguria, or _____.

low urine output

At least three different genes influence the occurrence of _____.

Wilm's tumor

In most cases of _____, signs and symptoms include recurrent kidney stones.

medullary sponge kidney

_____ eventually becomes the chief sign of renal cell carcinoma.

Painless hematuria

Pus in the urine is called _____, which makes the urine sample turbid or cloudy.

pyuria

The hormones _____ play an important role in the regulation of the nephron's ability to reabsorb salt and water.

aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone

_____ has a slow onset of signs and symptoms resembling acute bacterial prostatitis that wax and wane.

Chronic bacterial prostatitis

Starting in their _____, women are strongly urged to examine their breasts monthly for signs of cancer.

20s

The occurrence of a spontaneous abortion is usually between the _____ week of pregnancy.

seventh and twelfth

With some breast cancer tumor cells having estrogen and/or progesterone receptors, the hormones binding to those receptors _____.

stimulate the tumor cells to divide

The most important risk factor for cervical cancer is a _____ infection.

human papilloma virus

An infant born before the eighth month of gestation has a greater chance of having _____.

cryptorchidism

Genital warts are transmitted by _____ infections

human papilloma viral

Clinically, _____ is defined as total blood loss exceeding 80 mL per menses lasting longer than 7 days.

menorrhagia

Estrogen and progesterone secreted by the _____ drive the menstrual cycle.

ovaries

The etiology of trichomoniasis is the _____ *Trichomonas vaginalis*.

protozoan

Approximately 75% to 80% of all cases of hypoadrenalism are due to _____.

autoimmune process

The parathyroid glands regulate the levels of circulating _____.

calcium and phosphate

In a male child, precocious puberty is defined as the onset of puberty before the age of _____.

9

The classic signs of _____ include fat accumulation behind the shoulders, known as a buffalo hump, and a round "moon-shaped" face.

Cushing's syndrome

Acromegaly is the result of _____.

excess GH secretion in adulthood

_____ is often the only sign of Conn's syndrome.

Hypertension

The endocrine functions of the pancreas consist of synthesis, storage, and release of the following; *except* _____.

glucocorticoids

_____ is the most common form of hyperthyroidism.

Graves' disease

_____ disease can cause a life-threatening condition, known as acute adrenal insufficiency, with death resulting from shock and cardiovascular collapse.

Addison's

In Type II diabetes mellitus, the body resists the effects of insulin or does not produce enough insulin to maintain a normal glucose level.

True

formed elements

red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

plasma

consists of mostly water, which carries nutrients, wastes, ions, hormones, clotting factors, albumin, and antibodies

red blood cells (erythrocytes)

\-make up about half of the blood’s volume

\-most abundant cells in the human body

\-carry oxygen

white blood cells (leukocytes)

\-include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes

\-produced in the bone marrow

\-defend tissues against infections and foreign substances

platelets

\-are produced in the bone marrow and are essential for blood clotting

Iron-deficiency anemia

\-leading cause of anemia worldwide

\-risk factors for iron-deficiency anemia include excessive blood loss, menstruation, pregnancy, and rapid growth during adolescence

\-signs and symptoms of iron deficiency include weakness and fatigue

Anemia of Chronic Disease

\-The etiology of anemia of chronic disease most often is a defect in erythropoesis, the production of red blood cells

\-Anemia of chronic disease may resolve if the underlying disease is treated

Anemia of Renal Disease

This type of anemia is caused by the kidney’s failure to produce adequate amounts of erythropoietin

Megaloblastic Anemia

\-caused by impaired DNA synthesis

\-Megaloblastic red blood cells tend to be large and contain an increased ratio of RNA to DNA

\- deficiency in vitamin B12 and/or folic acid

Vitamin B12 –Deficiency Anemia

\- is caused by inadequate absorption or intake of vitamin B12 called intrinsic factor

\-Causes of pernicious anemia include inadequate diet, impaired absorption, increased requirements, or increased excretion of vitamin B12

\-supplementation

Folic Acid–Deficiency Anemia

\-is common in the Western world, where consumption of raw fruits and vegetables is low

\-Folic acid absorption can be impaired by inflammation of the bowel, as in Crohn’s disease, and adverse effects of certain medications

\-can be detected by measurement of serum folic acid levels

\-supplementation

Hemolytic Anemia

\-a reduction in circulating red blood cells that is caused by accelerated destruction of red blood cells

\-Treatment of hemolytic anemia depends on the underlying etiology

Splenectomy, or removal of the spleen, is recommended in cases of inherited causes of hemolytic anemia

hemoglobinopathies

\-disorders affecting the structure, function, or production of hemoglobin

\-sickle cell anemia and thalassemia

Sickle Cell Anemia

\-a genetic disorder marked by severe hemolytic anemia, painful episodes called sickle cell crises, and increased susceptibility to infections

\-more severe if homozygous

Thalassemia

\-an inherited blood disorder in which there is deficient synthesis of one or more of the protein chains required for proper formation and optimal performance of the hemoglobin molecule

\-most common genetic disorders in the world

Thrombocytopenia

An abnormally small number of circulating platelets, abnormal bleeding

Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

excess destruction of platelets

Hemophilia A

an X-linked recessive dis-order that primarily affects males. It is caused by a deficiency in clotting factor VIII, and the severity of the disease depends on how the genetic defect affects the activity of the clotting factor

Von Willebrand’s disease

an inherited bleeding disorder that is most often diagnosed in adulthood. It is caused by a deficiency in the von Willebrand clotting factor (vWF)

Neutropenia

a reduction of circulating neutrophils, which increases the risk for bacterial and fungal infections

Identify common signs and symptoms associated with respiratory diseases 

Chest pain

Dyspnea or difficulty breathing

Wheezing Cough—productive or nonproductive, acute or chronic Hemoptysis or coughing blood

Fatigue Fever—low or high grade

Dysphonia or hoarseness

Cyanosis—a blue color in skin and nails; indicator of low oxygen

Sinus and nasal drainage

Clubbing of fingers or toes, indicator of low oxygen or circulatory problems

Tachypnea or rapid breathing

Abnormal breath sounds

Describe diagnostic testing used in respiratory diseases 

Physical examination of the respiratory system begins with auscultation, or listening to the chest with a stethoscope

Pulse oximetry is a procedure used to measure the oxygen level (or oxygen saturation) in the blood

Biopsy and imaging tests including bronchoscopy, laryngoscopy, chest x-rays, and CT and MRI scans

The Common Cold

acute contagious disease of the upper respiratory tract that is marked by inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose, throat, eyes, and eustachian tubes with a watery, then purulent, discharge

Allergic Rhinitis

is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose caused by allergic reaction to airborne substances

Sinusitis

inflammation of the mucous mem-brane lining of the sinuses

Tonsillitis

infectious inflammation of the tonsils

Pharyngitis

inflammation of the pharynx, is characterized by pain in the throat

laryngitis

inflammation of the larynx or voice box

Influenza

an acute, highly contagious respiratory infection

Pneumonia

an infection in one or both lungs affecting primarily the alveoli

Tuberculosis

a potentially fatal contagious disease that can affect almost any part of the body but is mainly an infection of the lungs

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

is a preventable and treatable disease characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible

Emphysema

a long-term, progressive obstructive lung disease in which the alveoli that promote oxygen exchange between the air and the bloodstream are destroyed

Asthma

a condition in which the bronchial tubes in the lungs react to certain stimuli by becoming inflamed

Cystic fibrosis (CF)

an inherited disease affecting the exocrine glands of the lungs and pancreas, causing these glands to secrete excessive thick mucus

Pleurisy

an inflammation of the pleural membranes that line the chest wall and encase each lung

Pneumothorax

a collection of air or gas in the chest or pleural space that causes part or all of a lung to collapse

Atelectasis

a collapse of lung tissue affecting part or all of one lung

Pulmonary embolism

is a blockage in one or more arteries of the lungs

Lung cancer

a malignant neoplasm arising in lung tissue