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Plasma contains the protein _____, which promotes the blood's ability to hold water and maintain pressure inside the blood vessels.
albumin
Hemophilia A is caused by a deficiency in clotting factor
VIII
_____ are produced in the bone marrow and are essential for blood clotting.
Platelets
Polycythemia vera is most commonly seen in _____.
older men
Vitamin _____ is required for the synthesis of the prothrombin and thrombin clotting factors.
K
Hemophilia A is an X-linked _____.
recessive disorder that primarily affects males
Risk factors for _____ anemia include excessive blood loss, menstruation, pregnancy, and rapid growth during adolescence.
iron-deficiency
_____, or red blood cells, make up about half of the blood's volume.
Erythrocytes
In the lungs, hemoglobin binds to oxygen, becoming _____.
oxyhemoglobin
Approximately _____ of African Americans have the sickle cell anemia trait.
10%
In _____, the alveolar walls break down, adjacent alveoli fuse, and the lungs lose their elasticity.
emphysema
There are two basic types of medications used in _____ treatment: steroids and other anti-inflammatory medications and bronchodilators.
asthma
Normal arterial blood gases should be high in carbon dioxide and low in oxygen.
False
With pneumonia, the _____ fill with pus and fluid, which makes breathing painful and limits oxygen intake.
alveoli
Tuberculosis is caused by a _____.
bacteria
Generally, two distinct diseases fall into the category of COPD: _____.
emphysema and chronic bronchitis
_____ fluid lubricates the lung and thoracic surfaces, reducing friction as the lungs expand and contract.
Pleural
Normal oxygen saturation rates are greater than _____.
90%
The _____ are surrounded by blood capillaries and are the site of gas exchange.
alveoli
Cystic fibrosis is an _____ disease.
inherited
_____ is diagnosed by the signs and symptoms as well as a biopsy of the small intestine.
Celiac disease
The painful symptoms of _____ frequently occur at night when the body is horizontal and relaxed.
GERD
Inflammation of the gallbladder is usually associated with _____.
gallstones
_____ mainly affect alcoholics and those with cirrhosis of the liver.
Esophageal varices
Colorectal cancer grows _____.
slowly and tends to remain localized
The typical symptoms of _____ include diarrhea with pus, blood, and mucus in the stool.
ulcerative colitis
The worm-like shape of the appendix is located on the _____.
cecum
Most digestion occurs in the first part of the small intestine, the _____.
duodenum
_____ is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
Bile
The pancreas is a gland that has both endocrine and exocrine functions.
True
Renal cell carcinoma is a relatively common type of cancer.
False
In chronic kidney disease, the ability of the renal tubules to concentrate urine is _____.
absent
The color and volume of urine may indicate disease, for example diabetics produce _____.
large volumes of pale and dilute urine
To prevent kidney stones, or their reoccurrence, _____.
fluid intake should be increased and dietary calcium reduced
A significant sign of acute kidney injury include oliguria, or _____.
low urine output
At least three different genes influence the occurrence of _____.
Wilm's tumor
In most cases of _____, signs and symptoms include recurrent kidney stones.
medullary sponge kidney
_____ eventually becomes the chief sign of renal cell carcinoma.
Painless hematuria
Pus in the urine is called _____, which makes the urine sample turbid or cloudy.
pyuria
The hormones _____ play an important role in the regulation of the nephron's ability to reabsorb salt and water.
aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone
_____ has a slow onset of signs and symptoms resembling acute bacterial prostatitis that wax and wane.
Chronic bacterial prostatitis
Starting in their _____, women are strongly urged to examine their breasts monthly for signs of cancer.
20s
The occurrence of a spontaneous abortion is usually between the _____ week of pregnancy.
seventh and twelfth
With some breast cancer tumor cells having estrogen and/or progesterone receptors, the hormones binding to those receptors _____.
stimulate the tumor cells to divide
The most important risk factor for cervical cancer is a _____ infection.
human papilloma virus
An infant born before the eighth month of gestation has a greater chance of having _____.
cryptorchidism
Genital warts are transmitted by _____ infections
human papilloma viral
Clinically, _____ is defined as total blood loss exceeding 80 mL per menses lasting longer than 7 days.
menorrhagia
Estrogen and progesterone secreted by the _____ drive the menstrual cycle.
ovaries
The etiology of trichomoniasis is the _____ Trichomonas vaginalis.
protozoan
Approximately 75% to 80% of all cases of hypoadrenalism are due to _____.
autoimmune process
The parathyroid glands regulate the levels of circulating _____.
calcium and phosphate
In a male child, precocious puberty is defined as the onset of puberty before the age of _____.
9
The classic signs of _____ include fat accumulation behind the shoulders, known as a buffalo hump, and a round "moon-shaped" face.
Cushing's syndrome
Acromegaly is the result of _____.
excess GH secretion in adulthood
_____ is often the only sign of Conn's syndrome.
Hypertension
The endocrine functions of the pancreas consist of synthesis, storage, and release of the following; except _____.
glucocorticoids
_____ is the most common form of hyperthyroidism.
Graves' disease
_____ disease can cause a life-threatening condition, known as acute adrenal insufficiency, with death resulting from shock and cardiovascular collapse.
Addison's
In Type II diabetes mellitus, the body resists the effects of insulin or does not produce enough insulin to maintain a normal glucose level.
True
formed elements
red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
plasma
consists of mostly water, which carries nutrients, wastes, ions, hormones, clotting factors, albumin, and antibodies
red blood cells (erythrocytes)
-make up about half of the blood’s volume
-most abundant cells in the human body
-carry oxygen
white blood cells (leukocytes)
-include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes
-produced in the bone marrow
-defend tissues against infections and foreign substances
platelets
-are produced in the bone marrow and are essential for blood clotting
Iron-deficiency anemia
-leading cause of anemia worldwide
-risk factors for iron-deficiency anemia include excessive blood loss, menstruation, pregnancy, and rapid growth during adolescence
-signs and symptoms of iron deficiency include weakness and fatigue
Anemia of Chronic Disease
-The etiology of anemia of chronic disease most often is a defect in erythropoesis, the production of red blood cells
-Anemia of chronic disease may resolve if the underlying disease is treated
Anemia of Renal Disease
This type of anemia is caused by the kidney’s failure to produce adequate amounts of erythropoietin
Megaloblastic Anemia
-caused by impaired DNA synthesis
-Megaloblastic red blood cells tend to be large and contain an increased ratio of RNA to DNA
- deficiency in vitamin B12 and/or folic acid
Vitamin B12 –Deficiency Anemia
- is caused by inadequate absorption or intake of vitamin B12 called intrinsic factor
-Causes of pernicious anemia include inadequate diet, impaired absorption, increased requirements, or increased excretion of vitamin B12
-supplementation
Folic Acid–Deficiency Anemia
-is common in the Western world, where consumption of raw fruits and vegetables is low
-Folic acid absorption can be impaired by inflammation of the bowel, as in Crohn’s disease, and adverse effects of certain medications
-can be detected by measurement of serum folic acid levels
-supplementation
Hemolytic Anemia
-a reduction in circulating red blood cells that is caused by accelerated destruction of red blood cells
-Treatment of hemolytic anemia depends on the underlying etiology
Splenectomy, or removal of the spleen, is recommended in cases of inherited causes of hemolytic anemia
hemoglobinopathies
-disorders affecting the structure, function, or production of hemoglobin
-sickle cell anemia and thalassemia
Sickle Cell Anemia
-a genetic disorder marked by severe hemolytic anemia, painful episodes called sickle cell crises, and increased susceptibility to infections
-more severe if homozygous
Thalassemia
-an inherited blood disorder in which there is deficient synthesis of one or more of the protein chains required for proper formation and optimal performance of the hemoglobin molecule
-most common genetic disorders in the world
Thrombocytopenia
An abnormally small number of circulating platelets, abnormal bleeding
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
excess destruction of platelets
Hemophilia A
an X-linked recessive dis-order that primarily affects males. It is caused by a deficiency in clotting factor VIII, and the severity of the disease depends on how the genetic defect affects the activity of the clotting factor
Von Willebrand’s disease
an inherited bleeding disorder that is most often diagnosed in adulthood. It is caused by a deficiency in the von Willebrand clotting factor (vWF)
Neutropenia
a reduction of circulating neutrophils, which increases the risk for bacterial and fungal infections
Identify common signs and symptoms associated with respiratory diseases
Chest pain
Dyspnea or difficulty breathing
Wheezing Cough—productive or nonproductive, acute or chronic Hemoptysis or coughing blood
Fatigue Fever—low or high grade
Dysphonia or hoarseness
Cyanosis—a blue color in skin and nails; indicator of low oxygen
Sinus and nasal drainage
Clubbing of fingers or toes, indicator of low oxygen or circulatory problems
Tachypnea or rapid breathing
Abnormal breath sounds
Describe diagnostic testing used in respiratory diseases
Physical examination of the respiratory system begins with auscultation, or listening to the chest with a stethoscope
Pulse oximetry is a procedure used to measure the oxygen level (or oxygen saturation) in the blood
Biopsy and imaging tests including bronchoscopy, laryngoscopy, chest x-rays, and CT and MRI scans
The Common Cold
acute contagious disease of the upper respiratory tract that is marked by inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose, throat, eyes, and eustachian tubes with a watery, then purulent, discharge
Allergic Rhinitis
is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose caused by allergic reaction to airborne substances
Sinusitis
inflammation of the mucous mem-brane lining of the sinuses
Tonsillitis
infectious inflammation of the tonsils
Pharyngitis
inflammation of the pharynx, is characterized by pain in the throat
laryngitis
inflammation of the larynx or voice box
Influenza
an acute, highly contagious respiratory infection
Pneumonia
an infection in one or both lungs affecting primarily the alveoli
Tuberculosis
a potentially fatal contagious disease that can affect almost any part of the body but is mainly an infection of the lungs
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
is a preventable and treatable disease characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible
Emphysema
a long-term, progressive obstructive lung disease in which the alveoli that promote oxygen exchange between the air and the bloodstream are destroyed
Asthma
a condition in which the bronchial tubes in the lungs react to certain stimuli by becoming inflamed
Cystic fibrosis (CF)
an inherited disease affecting the exocrine glands of the lungs and pancreas, causing these glands to secrete excessive thick mucus
Pleurisy
an inflammation of the pleural membranes that line the chest wall and encase each lung
Pneumothorax
a collection of air or gas in the chest or pleural space that causes part or all of a lung to collapse
Atelectasis
a collapse of lung tissue affecting part or all of one lung
Pulmonary embolism
is a blockage in one or more arteries of the lungs
Lung cancer
a malignant neoplasm arising in lung tissue
Note
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