Research psychology

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50 Terms

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Gestalt Psychology
* Emphasizes understanding psychological phenomena as a whole that cannot be broken down into smaller parts.

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* A whole is different than a sum of parts

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* Some important quality is lost when the parts are considered alone

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* no longer a sperate perspective
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Cultural psychology
* Emphasizes that thoughts and behvaior are shaped by social and cultural context

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* Cultures and Societes differ in terms of what behavior is acceptable and what roles people may assume.
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In order to be scientfiic a science like psychologicy must be:
Systematic and Objective
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The scientific method is used by all fields of science including
Psychology
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Scientific method
A general set of procedures for gathering and interpreting informations that limits sources errors and yields dependable results.
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Componets include;

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1 literature review

2 research quetsion

3 hypothesis

4 Procedure / methods

5 results

6 discusion validaty and reliablity

7 conclusion
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Hypotheisis
A tentative explanation for a set of facts or observations

It is a specific or educated guess

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The more correct hypothesis the more you strengthen your theory
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Theory
A group of principles and hypotheses that combined explain some Phenomenon

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* generak principles that explain area of inquiry
* not absoulte truth
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What are three ways or types of measurements that psychologists use to collect data?

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Direct naturalistic and mediated
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Direct observation
Observation with the naked eye

Can intervene with behavior if deemed necessary
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Naturalistic observation
observation of naturally occurring behavior without changing the behavior
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Mediated observation
Requires the use of special equipment or instrumentation IE EGG
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Verbal reports
Survey or questionaires

Interviews
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Psychological tests
\-Asses an individual’s standing relative to others on some mental or behavioral characteristics

\-IQ tests, social readjustment and Rating scale SRRS for stress
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What are the four major types of research?
Historical, descriptive, correlational, experimental
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Historical research
Use of previously published findings to study psychological issues.
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Descriptive reasearch
Involves collecting data about conditions, attitudes, or characteristics of one subject or a group of subjects

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Case study
An in depth investigation pf an individual
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Cross sectional design
One group at one point in time
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Longitudinal design
One group at multiple points in time

Come back after years to look at same group
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Sequential design
Combination of cross sectional and longitudinal designs
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Correlational research
Attempts to determine whether a relationship exists between two or more quantifiable or measurable variables

Mathematically defined by correlation coefficient ( r) which ranges from. -1.00 to+1.00
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ABC CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
A Degree of the relationship. ( strong weak or no relationship )

B direction of the relationship (positive negative no relationship)

C cannot establish cause and effect
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Experimental research
Attempted ti define a cause and effect relationship through group comparisions
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Independent variable
The cause or treatment
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Dependent variable
Outcome being measured
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Single blind desgin
Only the PARTICIPANTS are UNAWARE. Of the purpose lf the research
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Double blind design
Both PARTICIPANTS and the RESEARCHERS assistanting the study are UNAWARE of the research conditions
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Validity
The degree to which an instrument (equiment of test) measures what it is intended to measure
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Reliability
Refers to consistency
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InteRRater reliability
2 or more independent psychologists obtains ghe same resukt of diagnosis
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IntraRater reliablity
1 psychologists consistently obtains the same result or diagnosis
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4 main ethical safe guards
1 informed consent

2subjects can leave at anytime

3 debriefing must tell what happened

4response kept confidential
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What is the function of the nervous system?
Enables us to exist and interact with our environment
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2 main divisions of central system
Central and peripheral ( BRAIN SPINE CORD)
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Somatic
Voluntary and under your control
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Auto nomic
Not under your control and involuntary
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Sympathetic
Heart rate up

Blood pressure up

Breathing up pupil dilates

Digestion down
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Parasympathetic
Heart rate down

Blood pressure down

Breathing down pupil constrict

Digestion up
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Two major functions of the brain is

Control behavior and regulate the body’s physiologicak responses

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Adult humanbrain weight
3-35 lbs
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Adult human brain contains
100 billion neurons
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\-% of total blood volume is in the brain
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term image
Negative
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term image
Positiven
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term image
no correlation
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PNS

Autonomic sinomic parasympathetic and sympathetic

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Bone disc nerves

Peripheral

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Brain and spinal cord

Central

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2 main systems

Central peripheral