international relations - exam 3

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20 Terms

1

conditionality

  • policy of the IMF, the World Bank, and others to attach conditions to their loans and grants

  • may require recipient countries to devalue their currencies, lift various controls, cut their budgets, raise taxes, etc

  • not always super productive

  • not democratic - can take sovereignty from nations loaned to

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2

economic nationalism

  • national interests, tariffs/nontariff barriers, etc (protecting domestic industry/buyers first)

  • could lead to conflict, trade wars, isolation from global economy, etc

  • acting in your own self interest before the global interest

  • zero sum environment

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3

liberal internationalism

  • capitalism/free trade = good thing

  • positive sum game

  • comparative advantage

  • less tariffs/nontariff barriers

  • imposing western ideas onto other people, driving factor for a lot of economic relations

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4

world systems theory

  • south is dependent on and disadvantaged by the north

  • “the world is an economic society brought about by the spread of capitalism and characterized by a hierarchy of countries and regions based on a gap in economic circumstances and by the domination of lower tier countries by upper tier ones”

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5

measures of economic development

  • gross national product (GNP): measure of the sum of all goods and services produced by a country’s nationals, whether they are in the country or abroad

  • gross domestic product (GDP): measure of economic activity within a countries territory that includes both domestic and foreign enterprises

  • purchasing power parity: measure of the relative purchasing power of different currencies - price of the same goods in different countries held against a base currency (usually the US dollar)

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6

International Monetary Fund

  • world’s primary organization devoted to maintaining monetary stability by helping countries to fund balance of payment deficits

  • CRITIQUE: conditionality can make things worse (raising taxes/cutting public spending doesn’t help most people), givens loans instead of aid - brings people more into debt, vote share based on how much money you donate (power held disproportionately by the global north)

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7

World Bank

  • International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

  • helping global south compete with the global north (in theory)

  • world bank group: four associated agencies that grant loans to less developed countries for economic developments and other financial needs

  • predatory conditionality

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8

World Trade Organization

  • implements and enforces the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and mediates trade-related disputes between and among parties to the GATT

  • General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade: multilateral trade negotiations that reduced tariffs after WWII and continued into the 1990s.

    • Became enforced by the WTO in 1993

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9

Tariffs

  • a tax, usually based on a percentage of value, that importers must pay on items purchased abroad

    • import tax or import duty

  • can be used as a political/economic move against a country (not super effective)

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10

Non-tariff barriers

  • barriers to trade that aren’t tariffs

  • quotas, technical specifications, or lengthy quarantine or inspection procedures

  • differing safety regulations, makes more difficult for imports/exports, propping up domestic businesses

  • EU has lots - US upset that it makes more difficult to sell to Europe

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11

G-77

  • (originally) group of 77 countries of the south that cosponsored the Joint Declaration of Developing Countries in 1963 calling for greater equity in North-South trade.

  • now includes 134 members

  • represents the interests of the less developed countries in the South

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12

Least developed countries

  • least developed countries are developing countries listed by the United Nations that exhibit the lowest indicators of socioeconomic development.

  • most likely to get loans from IMF/World Bank

    • most likely to have the IMF/World Bank concerns

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13

UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)

  • UN organization established in 1964

  • currently consisting of all UN members, plus Holy See, Switzerland, and Tonga

  • holds quadrennial meetings aimed at promoting international trade and economic development

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14

New International Economic Order

  • goals and demands of the South for basic reforms in the global economic system

  • G-77 really into it

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15

Sustainable Development Goals

  • 17 goals adopted by the UN in 2015 as a roadmap for peace and prosperity for humanity and the global ecosystem now and into the future

  • No poverty/hunger/water/energy access, Good health/Education, Gender equality/reduced inequality, Sustainable cities and economies, Partnership for the goals

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16

Foreign Policy (sources, types, purposes)

  • how countries arrive at goals and policies

  • significance: country articles about how they arrived at different goals and policies

  • russia: sees itself as the center of the world, fighting the holy fight against western ideals, etc

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17

Foreign policy and public opinion

  • public opinion important - need to explain why we’re doing what we’re doing and how it serves the American people

    • needs to persuade leaders to pass legislation, leaders need to answer to their voters

    • responsibility to explain where taxpayer money is going

  • significance: American public opinion shifting rapidly - IR becoming more of a partisan issue

    • impact actions of politicians - potentially more likely to take extreme stances to please voters

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18

gender and political economy

  • radical feminist theory v classical feminist theory

  • positivist approach:

    • adding women to the narrative - encouraging them to entering masculine fields

    • shifting paradigm of what we value in the economy

  • constructivist approach:

    • asking questions about how masculinity and femininity are mapped onto different expectations

    • reproductive economy - unpaid and undervalued because it is feminized

  • issues:

    • binary format

    • little research/history of non-binary or trans people

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19

South-south cooperation

  • recent uptick in South-South cooperation - less reliant on global north

    • north making some moves to block this

  • regional trade agreements (like the simulation)

  • positive sum outlook

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20

BRICS

  • Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa

  • admitting new members - mostly Middle East and North Africa

  • group/club - informal methods of operations - acting as a semi-inclusive unit

  • will this actually work ?

    • no ? has countries that don’t like each other, Russia is gonna be sad, everyone is self interested

    • lots of infighting on how to go about things - contrary interests about representation in UN, World Bank, etc

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