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Simple Harmonic Motion
Periodic motion where restoring force is proportional to displacement.
Sine Wave
Graphical representation of simple harmonic motion over time.
Displacement
Distance moved from equilibrium position in motion.
Time
Duration during which motion occurs.
Uniform Circular Motion
Constant angular motion around a circle's circumference per second.
dimensions of sound waves include
period, ampltude, frequencey, wavelength.
Sinusoidal Wave
Waveform depicting smooth periodic oscillation.
Amplitude
Amplitude is determined by the strength of
the force which generates the sound wave. the height of peaks and thorough.
Wavelength
Distance between successive peaks of a wave.
Period
Time taken for one complete cycle of motion.
Pressure of Sound
Force exerted by sound waves on a surface.
loudness is described by
intensity, usually measured in sound pressure level
Graphic Trail
Visual representation of an object's motion over time.
Hirsh's Example
Illustration of sinusoidal motion using a Ferris wheel.
Degrees for Comparison
Method to label and compare sinusoidal sounds.
Graph of Displacement
Visual depiction of displacement as a function of time.
Air Molecule Motion
Movement of air particles creating sound waves.
Oscillation
Repeated back-and-forth movement around an equilibrium position.
Equilibrium Position
State where forces acting on a system are balanced.
Waveform
Shape of a wave as it travels through a medium.
Sound Wave Dimensions
Key characteristics include period, amplitude, frequency, wavelength.
Sinusoidal Sound
Sound characterized by a smooth, periodic waveform.
Complex Sound
Sound composed of multiple frequencies and amplitudes.
Phase of Motion
Specific stage in the cycle of oscillation.
Acoustic Pressure
Variation in pressure caused by sound waves.
Visual Representation
Graphical depiction of physical phenomena like sound.
Amplitude
Strength of the force generating sound waves.
Maximum Displacement
Graphical representation of amplitude in sound.
Loudness
Perceived intensity of sound, measured in decibels.
Instantaneous Amplitude
Amplitude measured at a specific time point.
Wavelength (λ)
Distance between two identical points on a wave.
Wavelength Formula
λ = s/f, where s is speed, f is frequency.
Speed of Sound in Air
340 meters per second at room temperature.
Speed of Sound in Water
1360 meters per second due to higher density.
Sound Pressure Level
Measurement of sound intensity in decibels.
Calculating Wavelength
Use λ = s/f to find wavelength.
Amplitude Comparison
Greater amplitude indicates louder sound intensity.
Damping of Sound
Attenuation of sound energy over distance.
Wavelength in Air (1000 Hz)
λ = 0.34 meters for 1000 Hz tone.
Wavelength in Air (2000 Hz)
λ = 0.17 meters for 2000 Hz tone.
Wavelength in Water (1000 Hz)
λ = 1.36 meters for 1000 Hz tone.
Wavelength in Water (2000 Hz)
λ = 0.68 meters for 2000 Hz tone.
Relationship of Wavelengths
Higher frequency results in shorter wavelength.
Sound Wave Travel Distance
Sound travels farther in denser mediums.
Damping vs Dampening
Damping reduces sound; dampening makes wet.
Intensity Measurement
is quantified in sound pressure level.
Period of Vibration
Duration for one complete wave cycle.
Graphical Representation of Sound
Visual depiction of sound wave characteristics.
Peaks and Troughs
High and low points in sound wave graphs.
Acoustics
Study of sound behavior in different environments.
Damping
Reduction of amplitude in vibrating systems.
Low Damped System
Vibrates for a long time with minimal resistance. (tuning fork)
High Damped System
Vibrates briefly with significant resistance. (Hitting a table)
Damping Factor (df)
Measures damping using amplitude ratio of cycles.
Formula for Damping Factor
df = ln(A1/A2) calculates damping.
Natural Log (ln)
Logarithm based on the natural number e.
Amplitude (A1)
Magnitude of displacement at cycle 1.
Amplitude (A2)
Magnitude of displacement at cycle 2.
Critical Damping
High damping prevents oscillation in opposite direction.
Free Vibration
System vibrates freely with low damping factor.
Natural Frequency (fnat)
Frequency at which a system vibrates naturally.
Stiffness
Resistance of a system to deformation.
Mass
Amount of matter in a system.
Proportionality of Frequency
Natural frequency relates to stiffness and mass.
Stiffness Factor Change
Changing stiffness affects natural frequency proportionally.
Mass Factor Change
Increasing mass decreases natural frequency proportionally.
Example Frequency Change
200 Hz tuning fork increases to 400 Hz.
Example Mass Increase
Increasing mass by 4:1 decreases frequency to 100 Hz.
Vibration Duration
Vibrations cease due to damping effects.
Opposing Forces
Friction and resistance counteract motion.
Inertia
Resistance of an object to change its state.
Magnitude of Displacement
Amount of movement relative to applied force.
Amplitude Decrease
Sharp reduction in sound after force removal.
Waveform Cycles
Amplitude measured over consecutive cycles.
Vibration Dynamics
Study of how systems oscillate and damp.
Acoustic Impedance
Total opposition to sound wave motion.
Natural Frequency
Frequency at which a system vibrates freely.
Stiffness
Resistance of an elastic material to deformation.
Mass
Quantity of matter in a system.
Resistance (R)
Opposition to motion measured in ohms.
Friction
Force opposing motion, converting energy to heat.
Reactance (X)
Opposition to motion due to energy storage.
Mass Reactance (Xm)
Opposition due to mass, measured in ohms.
Compliance
Ability of a system to deform under load.
Compliant Reactance (Xc)
Opposition due to compliance, measured in ohms.
Impedance (Z)
Total opposition combining resistance and reactance.
Frequency
Number of cycles per second, measured in Hz.
Thermal Energy
Energy converted from kinetic energy due to friction.
Energy Storage
Energy retained in a system as potential energy.
Inversely Proportional
One quantity increases as another decreases.
Elastic System
System that can return to original shape after deformation.
Opposing Forces
Forces that resist motion in a system.
Tuning Fork
An instrument producing a specific pitch when struck.
Kinetic Energy
Energy of motion, transformed into thermal energy.
Square Root
A value that produces a given number when multiplied by itself.
Ohm
Unit of measurement for electrical resistance.
Formula for Xm
Xm = 2πfm, relating mass and frequency.
Formula for Xc
Xc = 1/2πfc, inversely related to compliance.
Energy Conversion
Transformation of energy from one form to another.
Wind Resistance
Opposition faced when moving against wind.
