Physics chapter 2 section 1

Phases of matter

Are usualy reconized as solids liquid and gases

There are soem materials that donot fit into a particular categori if these catagories its beacuse?

Beacsue they are made out of variety types of molecules

For example butter

Its temprature gradually goes up when its heated up and melts but its hard to clarify at which temprature its its melting point beacuse iot gets softwer and more liquidy as the temprature rises so its diffcult to say if its a liquid or a solid when its at soft butter

At high temprature a fourth state apears which its called?

Plasma

It consists of atomic nucli and electrons all movign at?

Very high speeds but not conect to one another

But some are connected if the case was at?

Lower tempratures

Where is most mass of the universe mostly concentrated? About how much pecent the masss in the universe is plasma?

In the stars About 90%

Many materials exist in 3 phases and tehy can change from one to another by adding? Which changes its?

Mechanical or thermal energy its done by changing its Pressure and temprature

No mater which face the matter is its still composed of?

Molecules and atoms

Many scientists have contributed to the development of ?

Models of atomic and molecular structure

Who was the first guy that said what?

Dalton said that eleemnts are made out of the consist fo similar atoms

Avogadro and guy lusacs expiremnet on gases led them to bellive that chemical reactions took place between

Elemenrtary units of matter

Molecular structure of matter that have to be defined

1 mol its the amount of substance that has many amount of entities as a carbon 12 atom

2 atomic mass unit its 1/12 of a carbon 12 singile atom

3 molar mass its the kg per a mol Mm

4 molar volume it sthe m³ per a mol

5 avagadro constant Na

Some elements are madew out of individual atoms like

Other materials like oxygen and hydrogen are made out of moleculeas that are made from many atoms that are conected together by certain?

Neon and helium

Chemical bonds

Any theory of a structure of a molecule has to?

Explain why somematter is liquid gas or solid

The gas and the solid? And there particle movement?

The rapid movement of gases can help state why they are gaseuous but for solids it makes it harder

The two exampels of how the theory of solids is hard to identify are?

Silicon crystal by an electroj microscope that is magnified by 5mil

Photograph of a platinium that is zomed in by 200000

The two conducting influencers on the atoms or the mole cule are? What do we need to separate them?

That atoms move andf they move rapidly which make kinetic energy

The attractiion form between them holds them tight in place to be able to seperate them we have to use potetional energy

So if the kinetic increases the

Attraction increases if the potiontional increases the kinetic decreases which the attraction decreases

Unlike gases compresing the volume of solids and liquids are very hard?

Beacuse the electron clouds wont let the already closee electrons get closer

The solids and liquids particles are already close to one another but gases particles arent

Between any two particels of atoms there are?

Attractive forces even for uncharged particles if the atoms are far away from each other it weakens the force

How ever if they are very close to each other there electron clouds repel one another 45

The more distance there are between atoms how much will teh attraction be?

It will be way weaker

The two atoms are in a state of equilibrium which means?

The sumation of force between each one of them is zero

If teh atoms try to get seperated the ?

If they try to get closeR?

The attraction forces wont allow it

The repulsive of electrons wont allow it

The curve of resaultant forces

Show attraction and long distances

Shows repulsion at short distances

The equalibrium its between the two curves where teh total force is zero

Rthe equalirium its techniqally? Beacuse all atoms are trying to become at equalibrium

The average distance between atoms and molecules

The wide range of attraction between atoms are the reaults of?

Their negative positeve charges or even if itsneutral as a whole

A bond

A force leading to the attraction among the atoms of eleemnts due to the interaction between its negative and positeve charges

Ionec bond

For example crystakls of sodium chlrodie bond this way

Sodium chlorine third sheel has only one electron and the chlorine third shell only needs 1 electron so the sodium gioves that eelctron and becomes an positeve ion and chlroine becomes a negative ion

Covalent bond

If an element cant take electrons to become negative ions

Oxygen atoms ahve 2 in teh first sheel 6 in teh secodn so it isnt completly full so otehr oxuygen atoms can share 2 of its electrons making the third shell of it filled

Metalic bonding

Its when it loses one electron and becomes a positeve ion the electron can move freely in between the atoms and the positeve ions are held in place due to the electrical forces between teh ions and the free electrons

How are teh positeve ions held in place?

They are in a regular order which are held in place by teh electrical forces between the ions and teh free electrons

When atoms are unable to gain electrons they can?

Share electrons

The three bondings are electric forces or gravitational forces?

Electrical

What is present between atoms of matters?

Electric forces

At long distances and shirt distance

Attractive repulsion