AP Psych Nutshell Review Part 2

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112 Terms
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nervous system

the parts of your body responsible for your behavior (physical and mental)

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parts of the nervous system

central and peripheral

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central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

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brain

part of the CNS; comparable in size in adults and do not feel pain

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spinal cord

part of the CNS; most information from the outer parts of the body transmitted to the brain from here; protected by the vertebrae; injury leads to paralysis

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the brain is composed of two ___

hemispheres

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corpus callosum

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

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cross-dominant

in brains, the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body and vice versa; evidence in stroke victims

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alexia

inability to read language, but can write

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agraphia

inability to write

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apraxia

inability to perform a learned motor skill (combing hair)

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dyspraxia

lack of motor coordination

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broca's aphasia

inability to form sentences, but can understand speech

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wernicke's aphasia

inability to understand speech

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global aphasia

combination of wernicke's and broca's

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visual agnosia

inability to recognize objects

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prosopagnosia

inability to recognize familiar faces

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neuroplasticity

the ability within the brain to constantly change both the structure and function of many cells in response to experience or trauma

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three units of the brain

hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

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hindbrain

cerebellum, medulla, sleep, autonomic functions

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cerebellum

voluntary movements, balance

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medulla

reflex regulation, muscle coordination, breathing

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midbrain

RAS, center of dopamine production

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RAS

sleep/wake, awareness of incoming signals

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forebrain

sensory information received; control of hunger, thirst, sex; ability to think; formation of personality; development continues into early 20s

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thalamus

in forebrain, regulates and integrates sensory information

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hypothalamus

in forebrain, regulation of basic biological needs (hunger, thirst); links brain with endocrine system; helps control autonomic nervous system

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limbic system

in forebrain, emotional and pleasure centers

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cerebrum

in forebrain, most sophisticated area of brain; split into two hemispheres with four lobes each

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occiptal

in cerebrum, primary visual cortex

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parietal

in cerebrum, visual integration, dreams, somatosensory cortex (touch)

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temporal

in cerebrum, primary auditory cortex

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frontal

in cerebrum, primary motor cortex, mirror neurons

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mirror neurons

frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy

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peripheral nervous system

neurons outside the brain and spinal cord; somatic and autonomic

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somatic

PNS: controls voluntary muscles, connects to sensory receptors

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autonomic

PNS: controls involuntary muscles, blood vessels, organs; parasympathetic and sympathetic

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parasympathetic nervous system

conserves energy

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sympathetic nervous system

releases energy, often in response to emergency situations

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neurons

the method that information are carried to and from the brain

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action potential

in each neuron, fires a message to the next neuron in the chain only if the neuron's threshold is reached

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key to neuron function

fat, sodium, potassium

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neurotransmitters

bridge the gap (synapse) between neurons

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ACh

neurotransmitter directing muscle movement

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dopamine

neurotransmitter directing voluntary movement, reward pathways

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norepinephrine

neurotransmitter directing mood and emotion

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serotonin

neurotransmitter directing aggression, sleep/wake cycles

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GABA

neurotransmitter directing anxiety levels

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)chemicals ingested can be ___ (_) or _ (___) to neurotransmitters

agonists (mimics), antagonists (blockers

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endocrine system

send hormones to the brain

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glands

secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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pituitary gland

master gland; located in the brain under hypothalamus, HGH, oxytocin

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oxytocin

regulates reproductive behavior; may also assist in building social bonding/trust in others

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adrenal glands

secretes adrenaline, fight or flight, release cortical steroids for extra energy needs

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thyroid gland

control metabolism (body's energy level)

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sex glands

males = tests (testosterone), females = ovaries (progesterone/estrogen)

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pancreas

secretes insulin, which regulates glucose production

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teratogens, maternal nutrition, toxin exposure, fetal origins of disease, congenital illnesses

prenatal development concerns

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teratogens

substances taken by the mother that can have a detrimental effect on the child during development in the uterus (thalidomide, FAS)

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reflex behavior

at birth, normal infants display certain automatic behaviors. some remain througout life and others disappear

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grasp, root, moro

infant reflex behaviors that disappear

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root

infant touched on the cheek will turn to the side of the touch and start sucking behavior

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moro

infant will flail legs/arms out if child feels like he/she is falling

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anxiety

infants with inhibition have this kind of disorder later

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infant temperament stays ___ through early childhood

stable

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jean piaget

considered the pioneer in discovering how children's learning abilities change over time

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schemas

piaget: ways we mentally understand the world

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assimilation and accomodation

piaget: how we adapt to new info in our pre-existing schemas

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assimilation

piaget: fitting new info into the schema

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accommodation

piaget: change the schema to fit the info

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steps of piaget's theory of cognitive development

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations

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sensorimotor

PIAGET

-birth - 18 months

-motor responses to info

-senses primary way of exploring world

-does not understand concept of object permanence

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preoperational

PIAGET

-18months - 7yrs

-lacks ability of reversibility

-egocentric in thought

-simple symbolic thought arises

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concrete operations

PIAGET

-7-11yrs

-understands idea of conservation (ability to question perception)

-can classify objects

-difficult to think abstractly

-what about santa?

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formal operations

PIAGET

-≥11yrs

-understanding the abstract and hypothetical

-can think logically

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object permanence, multiple, uniform, environment

piaget criticisms

-underestimated the ability of children to master concepts, especially ___ ___

-rather than having distinct stages of development, children display behaviors that go across ___ stages

-children are not ___ in how long they take in the stages

-underestimation of the role of ___

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sociocultural theory

lev vygotsky; children learn primarily from other people; culture plays a key role in development, so development isn't universal; acquisition of language is key

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private speech

speech by children that is spoken and directed to themselves

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more knowledgeable other

vygotsky; the person/entity who possess more ability/skill than the learner; the teacher can be a thing

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zone of proximal development

vygotsky: the difference in time between a task can be completed by a learner with an MKOs help, compared to the time taken if the learner does the task independently

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imprinting

certain responses are inherited

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critical period

crucial time where certain skills/abilities are most easily learned

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konrad lorenz

researcher who focused on critical attachment periods in baby birds, a concept he called imprinting (also critical period)

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harry harlow

experiments with monkeys showed that monkeys sought and needed contact LITERALLY THE WORST

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