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Agriculture
The deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain.
Commercial Farming
The production of food primarily for sale off the farm.
First Agricultural Revolution
The Neolithic Revolution, marking the shift from hunting and gathering to plant and animal domestication.
Intensive Subsistence
Farmers expend large effort to produce maximum yield from a parcel of land, common in areas of high density.
Mixed Crop & Livestock Farming
Integration of crops and livestock, with most crops fed to animals rather than consumed directly by humans.
Grain Farming
Growing crops primarily for human consumption, with a focus on grains like wheat, corn, and oats.
Livestock Farming
Commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area, often on semi-arid or arid land where vegetation is sparse.
Mediterranean Agriculture
Farming in lands bordering the Mediterranean Sea in Southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia, focusing on crops for human consumption and horticulture.
Ester Boserup’s Theory
Theory stating that population change drives agricultural production intensity, countering Malthusian theory and emphasizing innovation in food production.
Modern Agriculture
Industrialized production of livestock, poultry, fish, and crops with benefits like cheap food but drawbacks including environmental and social costs.
Agribusiness
Commercial agriculture integrated by large corporations, involving different steps in the food-processing industry.
Sustainable Agriculture
Farming in ways that meet present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their needs, focusing on environmental sustainability.
Challenges for Farmers
Subsistence and commercial farmers face challenges like increasing food demand, market power shifts, and preserving agricultural resources.
Famine & Malnutrition
Hunger periods with severe food insecurity, malnutrition due to lack of proper nutrition, and strategies to increase food supply.
